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In spite of the new frenzy of the terraplanista movement, humanity recognizes since 2400 years like a mathematical fact that the Earth is round. All the great Greek thinkers, including Aristotle, Aristarchus of Samos, Eratosthenes and Claudius Ptolemy, based their geographical and astronomical calculations on the theory of their sphericity. During the early part of the Middle Ages, virtually all scholars shared the same point of view. However, for centuries, punished and persecuted those who denied that our planet was the center of divine creation.
Image of a copy of the book "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium", masterpiece of the Polish astronomer Nicolás Copernicus.
Modern science began with the revolution initiated by Copernicus, who had argued that the Earth was not the center of the universe. The dominant model of the cosmos proposed by Ptolemy stated that even if our world remained stationary in the center of the universeThe sun, the moon, the planets and the stars revolved around him. The Church subscribed to this opinion because it confirmed the belief that humanity and the Earth were the center of divine creation.
Nicolaus Copernicus.
Copernicus has spent twenty years shaping its heliocentric model of the solar system. It is said that on his deathbed, this Polish clergyman could only see the book On the revolutions of the celestial orbs– to which he devoted a half-life. The work establishes that the Earth revolves around the day around its axis and that it revolves around the Sun in one year. He also argues that the planets revolve around the Sun.
The garden of the Delights or the painting of the madroño, Bosco, is the Prado heritage of 1939.
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This shift in perspective has provoked many religious and ideological debates. The new astronomy that he proposed was not a mere hypothetical exercise in planetary calculations, but a description of the reality of the solar system. The Catholic Church has condemned and banned his book for more than 20 years.
The image of a flat Earth – beyond the illustrated circles – was used by medieval artists to represent the existence. The exterior of the famous triptych The garden of delights, by Hieronymus Bosch, is an example of the Renaissance in which an image of the Earth appears in the form of a disc floating inside a transparent sphere.
The most brilliant spirit of the Renaissance may have been that of Galileo GalileiItalian astronomer, philosopher, engineer, mathematician and physicist, closely linked to the scientific revolution. His work is considered a break with the established theories of Aristotelian physics and his confrontation with the inquisition Roman Catholic Church is an example of the crossroads between religion and science in Western European society of the fifteenth century.
In an era of obscurantism, he fought for the Catholic faith to be independent of scientifically proven facts. Although he admitted that there could be no contradiction between science and the Holy Scriptures, he believed that some biblical pbadages should not be interpreted literally. However, the movement of the Earth, which could not be proved by any evidence, called into question the postulate of the Church.
The Galileo Museum Science Room, Florence, Italy.
In 1616, the Inquisition warned that they were not satisfied with his ideas and he was forbidden to defend the Copernican vision and that he taught in his clbades. Galileo was above all a good Christian, a supporter of Catholic precepts, but he did not understand how they did not accept the Bible as a source of metaphorical and non-literal wisdom for a long time.
Proceedings of the Galileo Galilei process,
As the Holy Office closely followed his steps, he soon began a process that condemned him to life imprisonment. Despite imprisonment, he managed to finish Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno nu nu scienze, the last and most important of his works. He exposed the laws of falling bodies in space and became the basis of the mechanics developed by the next generation of scientists, led by Isaac Newton.
Statue of Giordano Bruno in Rome.
Another of the martyrs of science, who fought for empirical knowledge to override virtuous beliefs, was the philosopher Giordano Brunowhat was burned at the stake for having pleaded for the heliocentric cosmology of Copernicus.
With great clarity for the time, he proposed that the space be infinite, the stars were other suns surrounded by lands and these other worlds were also inhabited. Bruno was accused by the Holy Inquisition, refused to retract, was imprisoned and burned at Campo de Fiori in 1600. Barely ten years before Galileo, he made the first observations that confirmed some of Copernicus' ideas.
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