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A new study focuses on the consumption of highly processed foods. The study was published in the last issue of Cell metabolism and under the title "Ultra-Transformed Diets Cause Excessive Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: Randomized Controlled Trial" Ad libitum Taking food. "
In the United States, at present, about 40% of adults are obese, according to 2015-2016 figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Weight gain causes not only heart problems, diabetes, strokes and kidney disease, but also cancers. Numerous studies have shown that the obesity epidemic is growing alongside the promotion and growth of processed and ultra-processed foods. In fact, ultra-processed foods account for 58% of the energy consumed.
Selection of frozen, prepared and prepared dishes. Image credit: Yolanta / Shutterstock
Researchers have defined ultra-processed foods as ready-to-bake ready-made or pre-prepared or frozen foods, packaged snacks, and so on. They write that these foods often contain large amounts of additives such as dyes and flavors and are also rich in trans fatty acids, processed carbohydrate salts and sugars. These additives and artificial colors are often added to increase the taste of these foods. The authors explain that sometimes different flavors and ingredients, such as corn, wheat and soy, are mixed in varying proportions to make them more lucrative. On the other hand, whole foods are eaten as they are originally in nature with minimal changes.
The team writes that previous studies have found that people who consume more ultra-processed foods are at greater risk of cancer and obesity. This could be due to the ingredients in these foods. To explore this as a fact, this team led by physiologist Kevin Hall of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and his colleagues conducted an experiment involving 10 men and 10 women who lived on the campus of National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. For four weeks. Participants received either a whole food diet for two weeks, or a diet consisting of ultra-processed foods for two weeks. During the next two weeks, the plans were alternated. Both types of meals provided participants with the same number of calories, sugar, fat, fiber and other nutrients. Participants had the choice to eat as much as they wanted in one hour. For each participant, snacks were provided all day. These were appropriate for the type of diet of the participant. Along with these meals were provided twice a day.
In a statement, Dr. Hall said, "I was skeptical about the difference in calories consumed, which was the main focus of our study." He went on to say that they had observed differences in the results of the two studies. types of plans. They have noticed that when they are allowed to eat as much as they can, people on ultra-processed diets consume on average 500 more calories per day compared to themselves when they consumed whole foods. As a result, when they took the diet of processed foods, they earned about two pounds or an average of one kilogram in two weeks of processed diets. Hall explains that this brings us to the question of what causes people to overeat and that it is not just sugar or fat in these diets that causes weight gain. They explain that ultra-processed diets eat faster and consume more. According to them, this speed changes the molecular signals generated in the body that incite a person to stop eating. "When people were eating an unprocessed diet, the levels of a hormone called PYY, an appetite suppressant hormone secreted by the intestine, actually increased. And likewise, another hormone known to induce hunger, called ghrelin, died under an untransformed diet, "said Hall.
The authors of the paper also wrote that the weekly cost of ingredients to prepare 2,000 kcal / day of ultra-processed meals was about $ 106, compared with $ 151 for whole meals. They calculated the prices of ingredients sold in a local branch of a large chain of supermarkets.
The authors of the study wrote that nine participants consumed as much as 1,500 kilocalories a day more when on an ultra-processed diet than when they were on a full diet. In total, 11 people gained more weight with ultra-processed foods than whole foods. This weight gain was as high as six kilograms in two weeks. Some participants, however, did not show weight gain, even when they followed an ultra-transformed diet. Hall said, "We do not know what motivated these differences," adding that these changes were independent of age and gender. He also stated that there might be differences if diabetics and people with heart disease were included in the study.
Expert speak
Dr. David Ludwig, a pediatric endocrinologist at Boston Children's Hospital, was not involved in this study. He said this study was done in an artificial setting that could affect eating behavior in many ways. "There is social isolation, stress, boredom and the fact that food is prepared in the laboratory," he explained. Although these types of studies "are interesting and useful, they do not represent the whole story," he said. He said, "There are potentially thousands of different nutrients and factors in foods that could influence our biology or senses by eating. These can interact in an unpredictable and complicated way. "
Barry Popkin, professor of nutrition at the University of North Carolina, is another expert who has studied the effects of processed foods on weight gain. He was not badociated with this study either. Popkin said in a statement: "The difference in weight gain for a [group] and losing weight for each other during these two periods is phenomenal. We have not seen anything like it. He concluded, "We should try to eat as much as possible of the real food. This can be vegetable food. It can be pet food. It can be [unprocessed] beef, pork, chicken, fish or vegetables and fruits. And you have to be very careful once you start going into other types of foods. "
Dariush Mozaffarian, Dean of the Friedman School of Science and Nutrition Policy at Tufts University, congratulated the team for doing its best to match the two types of diets in terms of calories, sugar, salt, protein , carbohydrates and fiber. Mozaffarian, in a statement, said: "These are historical findings that food processing makes a huge difference in the amount of food that a person eats". He added pbad, and the differences are striking. "
In her statement, Elisabetta Politi of the Duke Diet and Fitness Center in Durham, North Carolina, said: "Satiety is more intense and lasts longer when we eat foods that have undergone minimal processing."
Dr. Gunter Kuhnle, from the University of Reading, said that most ultra-processed foods are so processed as to increase their "flavor, safety and conservation". He said: "This is a well-designed and well-conducted study with interesting results, although perhaps not surprising. It seems that participants found the ultra-processed foods tastier, faster and therefore more, perhaps because it took them longer to feel full. He concluded: "A very interesting result of the study is the cost per energy: the ultra-processed diet was much cheaper than the untransformed control regime, and this will probably have implications from the point of view of public health. "
Dr. Rekha Kumar, Endocrinologist and Assistant Professor of Medicine at New York-Presbyterian and Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, also described this study as "big study": consumption, this is the first time we see this in a randomized controlled trial. This type of study is hard to do. I have the impression that other studies, such as blood sugar and liver enzymes, would also go in the opposite direction with these ultra-processed foods as part of a study to further long term. "
Is high consumption of ultra-processed foods badociated with increased risk of overall mortality?
A few months ago, last February, a team of researchers led by Laure Schnabel published a study showing that consuming ultra-processed foods could shorten the shelf life. The team published its findings in the JAMA internal medicine. The study was entitled "Association between Ultra-Transformed Food Consumption and Mortality Risk in Middle-aged Adults in France".
The study included 44,551 French adults aged 45 and over. Their diet was evaluated over a period of two years and about 15% of their diet consisted of ultra-processed foods. After following up participants up to nine years, they noted that a high consumption of ultra-processed foods resulted in a higher risk of premature death for all causes. Heart disease and cancer in these patients were more important causes of death, they noted. The authors explain that the risks of these diseases could be due to the excess of salt, sugars and fats contained in these diets.
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