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An illustration of our cosmic history, from the Big Bang to the present day, in the context of the expanding universe The Big Bang was preceded by a state of cosmic inflation, but the idea that all this must be preceded by a singularity is terribly outmoded. NASA / WMAP scientific team [19659002] Almost everyone has heard the story of the Big Bang, from a layman to a cosmologist, to finish the following sentence: "In the beginning, there was …" you will get a host of different answers, one of the most common being "a singularity", which refers to the moment when all the matter and all the energy of the Universe were concentrated in one single point: the temperatures, densities and energies of the Universe would be arbitrarily, infinitely large, and could even coincide with birth of time and space itself
. But this photo is not only wrong, it is almost 40 years obsolete! Surely certain that there was no singularity badociated with the hot Big Bang, and there was even no birth to space and time. Here is what we know and how we know it.
The GOODS-North study, presented here, contains some of the most distant galaxies ever observed, many of which are already inaccessible by us. Looking further and further, we find that the most distant galaxies seem to retreat from us at faster and faster speeds, due to the expansion of the Universe. NASA, ESA, and Z. Levay (STScI) [19659002]
When we look at the Universe today, we see that it is full of galaxies in all directions and over a wide variety of distances. On average, we also find that the further away a galaxy is, the faster it seems to move away from us. However, this is not due to the actual movements of individual galaxies across the space; This is due to the fact that the fabric of space itself is expanding.
Prediction from General Relativity in 1922 by Alexander Friedmann, and confirmed by the work of Edwin Hubble and others in the 1920s. This means that as time pbades, the material in it expands and becomes less dense, as the volume of the Universe increases. It also means that, if we look at the past, the Universe was denser, warmer and more uniform.
If we extrapolate throughout, we arrive at older, warmer and denser states. Does this culminate in a singularity, where the laws of physics themselves collapse? NASA / CXC / M.Weiss
If you were to extrapolate more and more far in time, you would start to notice some big changes to the Universe. In particular:
- you would come to a time when gravitation did not have time to bring matter back into clusters big enough to have stars and galaxies,
- would you come to a place where Universe was so hot we could not form neutral atoms, then even atomic nuclei
- where matter-antimatter pairs would form spontaneously
- and where protons and individual neutrons would dissociate into quarks and gluons.
A singularity is where conventional physics collapse, including if you talk about the very beginning of the Universe. However, there are consequences to obtaining arbitrarily hot and dense states in the Universe, and many of them fail to resist observations. © 2007-2016, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam
Each step represents the Universe when it was younger, smaller, denser, and warmer. Finally, if you continued to extrapolate, you would see these densities and temperatures rise to infinite values, because all the matter and all the energy of the Universe were contained in a single point: a singularity. The hot Big Bang, such as it was designed for the first time, was not just a hot, dense and expanding state, but represented a moment where the laws of physics were collapsing. . It was the birth of space and time: a way to spontaneously reveal the entire universe. It was the ultimate act of creation: the singularity badociated with the Big Bang.
The stars and galaxies we see today did not always exist, and the further we go, the closer we get to an apparent uniqueness of the Universe, NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI)
Yet, if that were correct, and the Universe had reached arbitrarily high temperatures in the past, there would be a number of clear signatures of what we could observe today. There would be temperature fluctuations in the glow of the remains of the Big Bang that would have extremely large amplitudes. The fluctuations we see would be limited by the speed of light; they would appear only at scales of the cosmic horizon and smaller. There would be cosmic relics of high energy and remnants of the past, like magnetic monopolies.
And yet, temperature fluctuations are only one part out of 30,000, thousands of times smaller than the singular predictions of the Big Bang. The fluctuations of the superhorizons are real, confirmed by WMAP and Planck. And the constraints on magnetic monopoles and other ultra-high energy relics are incredibly tight. These missing signatures have a huge implication: the Universe never reached these arbitrarily large temperatures.
The fluctuations in the microwave cosmic background are of such magnitude and such a pattern that they strongly indicate that the Universe began with the same temperature everywhere and Only had 1 in 30,000 fluctuations, which is irreconcilable with an arbitrarily hot Big Bang. ESA and the Planck Collaboration
Instead, there had to be a break. We can not extrapolate arbitrarily far, to a hot-and-dense state that reaches all the energies we can dream of. There is a limit to how far we can go and still describe our universe. In the early 1980s, it was theorized that before our universe was hot, dense, expanding, cooling, and full of matter and radiation, it swelled. A phase of cosmic inflation would mean that the Universe was:
- filled with energy inherent in space itself,
- which causes rapid exponential expansion,
- which extends on the Universe,
- gives it the same properties everywhere,
- with quantum fluctuations of small amplitude,
- which extend to all scales (even super -horizontal),
then inflation comes to an end
Inflation causes the space to grow exponentially, which can very quickly translate into the emergence of the world. pre-existing curved or non-smooth space. If the Universe is curved, it has a radius of curvature that is at least hundreds of times larger than what we can observe. E. Siegel (L); The cosmology tutorial of Ned Wright (R)
When he does, he converts this energy, which was previously inherent to the space itself, into matter and radiation, leading to the hot Big Bang. But this does not lead to an arbitrarily hot Big Bang, but rather to a maximum temperature that is at most hundreds of times less than the scale at which a singularity could emerge. In other words, this leads to a hot Big Bang that arises from an inflationary state, and not from a singularity.
The information that exists in our observable Universe, which we can access and measure, only corresponds to the last ~ 10 -33 second of inflation, and all what comes next. If you want to know how long inflation has lasted, we simply do not have a clue. It lasted at least a little longer than 10 -33 seconds, but it lasts a little longer, much longer or for an infinite duration is not only unknown,
The cosmic history of all known Universe shows that we must originate all matter in it, and all the light, ultimately, at the end of it. inflation and early Hot Big Bang. Since then, we have had 13.8 billion years of cosmic evolution, an image confirmed by multiple sources ESA and the Planck / E. Siegel Collaboration (corrections)
. There is a great deal of research and speculation about this, but nobody knows it. There is no evidence that we can point to; no observations we can make; no experience we can perform. Some people (wrongly) say something like:
Well, we had a Big Bang singularity that gave birth to the warm, dense and expanding Universe before we knew about inflation, and inflation is only an intermediate step. Therefore, it goes: singularity, inflation, then the hot Big Bang.
There are even very famous graphics published by the best cosmologists who illustrate this image. But that does not mean it's right.
Illustration of the density (scalar) and gravitational wave (tensor) fluctuations resulting from the end of inflation. Note that the badumption that a singularity exists before inflation is not necessarily valid. National Science Foundation (NASA, JPL, Keck Foundation, Moore Foundation, related) – Program BICEP2 funded
In fact, there are very good reasons to believe that this is not fair! One thing we can mathematically demonstrate, in fact, is that it is impossible for a swelling state to emerge from a singularity. Here's why: Space is growing at an exponential rate during inflation. Think of the operation of an exponential: after a while, the Universe doubles its size. Wait twice as long and double twice, which is four times bigger. Wait three times longer, double three times, which is 8 times bigger. And if you wait 10 or 100 times longer, these doublings make the Universe 2 10 or 2 100 times larger.
Which means that if we go back in time the same amount, or twice, or three times, or 10 or 100 times, the Universe would be smaller, but would never reach a size of 0. Respectively, it would be half, a quarter, an eighth, 2 -10 or 2 -100 times its original size. But no matter where you go, you'll never get a singularity.
The blue and red lines represent a "traditional" scenario of the Big Bang, where everything starts at the moment t = 0, including the space-time itself. But in an inflationary scenario (yellow), we never reach a singularity, where space goes to a singular state; instead, it can only be arbitrarily small in the past, while time keeps coming back forever. Hawking-Hartle's borderless condition challenges the longevity of this state, as does Borde-Guth-Vilenkin's theorem, but none is a sure thing. E. Siegel
There is a theorem, famous among cosmologists, that shows that an inflationary state is past – temporal – incomplete. What this means, explicitly, is that if you have particles that exist in a swelling Universe, they will eventually meet if you extrapolate in time. This does not mean however that there has been a singularity, but rather that inflation does not describe everything that has happened in the history of the Universe, as His birth. We also know, for example, that inflation can come from a singular state because an inflation region must always start from a finite size.
The fluctuations of space-time itself at the quantum scale extend over the universe. imperfections in both density and gravitational waves. If inflation is born from an eventual uniqueness or not is unknown. E. Siegel, with images derived from the ESA / Planck and the DoE / NASA / NSF Interagency Working Group on CMB Search
Whenever you see a diagram, an article or a telling story about the "singularity of big bang" big bang / singularity existing before inflation, know that you are dealing with an outdated method of thinking. The idea of a Big Bang singularity came out of the window as soon as we realized that we had a different state – that of cosmic inflation – preceding and setting up the early state , hot and dense of the Big Bang. There may have been a singularity at the very beginning of space and time, with the resulting inflation, but there is no guarantee. In science, there are things that we can test, measure, predict and confirm or refute, like an inflationary state giving rise to a burning Big Bang. Everything else? This is nothing more than speculation.
Discover some additional information on the (lack of) Big Bang Singularity The Last Starts With A Bang Podcast
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An illustration of our cosmic story, from the Big Bang to the Present, in the Background of the Expanding Universe The hot Big Bang was preceded by a state of cosmic inflation, but the idea that all of this must be preceded by a singularity is terribly outmoded. NASA / WMAP Scientific Team
Almost everyone has heard the story of the Big Bang, but if you ask someone, from a layman to a cosmologist, to finish the following sentence : "At first there was …" get a series of different answers One of the most common is "a singularity", which designates a moment where all the matter and all the energy of the & # 39; Universes were concentrated in a single point: the temperatures, densities and energies of the Universe would be arbitrarily, infinitely large, and could even coincide with the birth of time and space itself.
But this image is not only wrong, it is almost 40 years old! We are absolutely certain that there was no singularity badociated with the hot Big Bang, and there was not even a birth to space and time. Here is what we know and how we know it.
The GOODS-North survey, presented here, contains some of the most distant galaxies ever observed, many of which are already inaccessible by us. Looking further and further, we find that the most distant galaxies seem to retreat from us at faster and faster speeds, due to the expansion of the Universe. NASA, ESA, and Z. Levay (STScI) [19659054] When we look at the Universe today, we see that it is full of galaxies in all directions and on a large scale. variety of distances. On average, we also find that the further away a galaxy is, the faster it seems to move away from us. However, this is not due to the actual movements of individual galaxies across the space; This is due to the fact that the fabric of space itself is expanding.
Prediction from General Relativity in 1922 by Alexander Friedmann, and confirmed by the work of Edwin Hubble and others in the 1920s. This means that as time pbades, the material in it expands and becomes less dense, as the volume of the Universe increases. It also means that, if we look back, the Universe was denser, warmer and more uniform.
If we extrapolate throughout, we arrive at older, warmer and denser states. Does this culminate in a singularity, where the laws of physics themselves collapse? NASA / CXC / M.Weiss
If you were to extrapolate more and more far in time, you would start to notice some big changes to the Universe. In particular:
- you would come to a time when gravitation did not have time to bring matter back into clusters big enough to have stars and galaxies,
- would you come to a place where Universe was so hot we could not form neutral atoms, then even atomic nuclei
- where matter-antimatter pairs would form spontaneously
- and where protons and individual neutrons would dissociate into quarks and gluons.
A singularity is where conventional physics collapse, including if you talk about the very beginning of the Universe. However, there are consequences to obtaining arbitrarily hot and dense states in the Universe, and many of them fail to resist observations. © 2007-2016, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam
Each step represents the Universe when it was younger, smaller, denser, and warmer. Finally, if you continued to extrapolate, you would see these densities and temperatures rise to infinite values, because all the matter and all the energy of the Universe were contained in a single point: a singularity. The hot Big Bang, such as it was designed for the first time, was not just a hot, dense and expanding state, but represented a moment where the laws of physics were collapsing. . It was the birth of space and time: a way to spontaneously reveal the entire universe. It was the ultimate act of creation: the singularity badociated with the Big Bang.
The stars and galaxies that we see today did not always exist, and the further back we go, the closer we get to an apparent singularity that the Universe gets, NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI)
Yet, if that were correct, and the Universe had reached arbitrarily high temperatures in the past, there would be a number of clear signatures of this that we could observe today. There would be temperature fluctuations in the glow of the remains of the Big Bang that would have extremely large amplitudes. The fluctuations we see would be limited by the speed of light; they would appear only at scales of the cosmic horizon and smaller. There would be cosmic relics of high energy and remnants of the past, like magnetic monopolies.
And yet, temperature fluctuations are only one part out of 30,000, thousands of times smaller than the singular predictions of the Big Bang. The fluctuations of the superhorizons are real, confirmed by WMAP and Planck. And the constraints on magnetic monopoles and other ultra-high energy relics are incredibly tight. These missing signatures have a huge implication: the Universe has never reached these arbitrarily large temperatures.
The fluctuations in the microwave cosmic background are of such magnitude and such a particular pattern that they strongly indicate that the Universe began with the same temperature everywhere and Only had 1 in 30,000 fluctuations, which is irreconcilable with an arbitrarily hot Big Bang. ESA and the Planck Collaboration
Instead, there had to be a break. We can not extrapolate arbitrarily far, to a hot-and-dense state that reaches all the energies we can dream of. There is a limit to how far we can go and still describe our universe. In the early 1980s, it was theorized that before our universe was hot, dense, expanding, cooling, and full of matter and radiation, it swelled. A phase of cosmic inflation would mean that the Universe was:
- filled with energy inherent in space itself,
- which causes rapid exponential expansion,
- which extends on the Universe,
- gives it the same properties everywhere,
- with quantum fluctuations of small amplitude,
- which extend to all scales (even super -horizon),
then inflation comes to an end
Inflation causes the space to grow exponentially, which can very quickly result in the emergence of inflation. pre-existing curved or non-smooth space. If the Universe is curved, it has a radius of curvature that is at least hundreds of times larger than what we can observe. E. Siegel (L); The cosmology tutorial of Ned Wright (R)
When he does, he converts this energy, which was previously inherent to the space itself, into matter and radiation, leading to the hot Big Bang. But this does not lead to an arbitrarily hot Big Bang, but rather to a maximum temperature that is at most hundreds of times less than the scale at which a singularity could emerge. In other words, this leads to a hot Big Bang that arises from an inflationary state, and not from a singularity.
The information that exists in our observable Universe, which we can access and measure, only corresponds to the last ~ 10 -33 second of inflation, and all what comes next. If you want to know how long inflation has lasted, we simply do not have a clue. It lasted at least a little longer than 10 -33 seconds, but it lasts a little longer, much longer or for an infinite duration is not only unknown,
The cosmic history of all known Universe shows that we must originate all matter in it, and all light, ultimately, at the end of the day. inflation and early Hot Big Bang. Since then, we have had 13.8 billion years of cosmic evolution, an image confirmed by multiple sources ESA and the Planck / E. Siegel Collaboration (corrections)
. There is a great deal of research and speculation about this, but nobody knows it. There is no evidence that we can point to; no observations we can make; no experience we can perform. Some people (wrongly) say something like:
Well, we had a Big Bang singularity that gave birth to the warm, dense and expanding Universe before we knew about inflation, and inflation is only an intermediate step. Therefore, it goes: singularity, inflation, then the hot Big Bang.
There are even very famous graphics published by the best cosmologists who illustrate this image. But that does not mean it's right.
Illustration of density (scalar) and gravitational wave (tensor) fluctuations resulting from the end of inflation. Note that the badumption that a singularity exists before inflation is not necessarily valid. National Science Foundation (NASA, JPL, Keck Foundation, Moore Foundation, related) – Program BICEP2 funded
In fact, there are very good reasons to believe that this is not fair! One thing we can mathematically demonstrate, in fact, is that it is impossible for a swelling state to emerge from a singularity. Here's why: Space is growing at an exponential rate during inflation. Think of the operation of an exponential: after a while, the Universe doubles its size. Wait twice as long and double twice, which is four times bigger. Wait three times longer, double three times, which is 8 times bigger. And if you wait 10 or 100 times longer, these doublings make the Universe 2 10 or 2 100 times larger.
Which means that if we go back in time the same amount, or twice, or three times, or 10 or 100 times, the Universe would be smaller, but would never reach a size of 0. Respectively, it would be half, a quarter, an eighth, 2 -10 or 2 -100 times its original size. But no matter where you go, you'll never get a singularity.
The blue and red lines represent a "traditional" scenario of the Big Bang, where everything starts at the moment t = 0, including the space-time itself. But in an inflationary scenario (yellow), we never reach a singularity, where space goes to a singular state; instead, it can only be arbitrarily small in the past, while time keeps coming back forever. Hawking-Hartle's borderless condition challenges the longevity of this state, as does Borde-Guth-Vilenkin's theorem, but none is a sure thing. E. Siegel
There is a theorem, famous among cosmologists, that shows that an inflationary state is past – temporal – incomplete. What this means, explicitly, is that if you have particles that exist in a swelling Universe, they will eventually meet if you extrapolate in time. This does not mean however that there has been a singularity, but rather that inflation does not describe everything that has happened in the history of the Universe, as His birth. We also know, for example, that inflation can not come from a singular state because a swelling region must always start from a finite size.
The fluctuations of space-time itself at the quantum scale extend over the universe. imperfections in both density and gravitational waves. If inflation is born from an eventual uniqueness or not is unknown. E. Siegel, with images derived from the ESA / Planck and the DoE / NASA / NSF Interagency Working Group on CMB Search
Whenever you see a diagram, an article or a telling story about the "singularity of big bang" big bang / singularity existing before inflation, know that you are dealing with an outdated method of thinking. The idea of a Big Bang singularity came out of the window as soon as we realized that we had a different state – that of cosmic inflation – preceding and setting up the early state , hot and dense of the Big Bang. There may have been a singularity at the very beginning of space and time, with the resulting inflation, but there is no guarantee. In science, there are things that we can test, measure, predict and confirm or refute, like an inflationary state giving rise to a burning Big Bang. Everything else? This is nothing more than speculation.
Check out some additional information on the (lack of) Big Bang Singularity the latest Starts With A Bang Podcast!
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