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For the new Brazilian chancellor, for example, "globalism" is the "current configuration of Marxism", of which Brazil and the world must liberate themselves. "It's the economic globalization that has been driven by cultural Marxism," said the Chancellor in the texts of his blog "Metapolitics 17."
In his speech at the 73rd UN General Assembly, Trump rejected what he calls "ideology of globalization" which, in his view, is opposed to his motto "United States First". "I respect the right of every country to follow its own customs, beliefs and traditions," he said, adding that the United States is ruled by the Americans. "The United States will always choose independence and cooperation rather than global governance, control, and domination." And therefore, instead of globalism, it adheres to the "doctrine of patriotism."
But what is globalism anyway? The experts interviewed by BBC News Brazil agree that, at other times in history, the term had a whole definition.
For these badysts, the term has become a "political slogan" or a "caricature" and represents, in the approach of recent debates, ideas opposed to nationalism and patriotism.
The first aspect to emphasize, says the Belgian linguist Jan Blommaert, professor of language, culture and globalization at the University of Tilburg in the Netherlands, is as follows: term is "vague, and this is part of A political speech strategy ".
For example, globalism is not synonymous with globalization, says Blommaert, "but it's just the resemblance to" globalization "that confuses people and makes them believe that they know what we say. "
The second aspect is that the term, says the professor, is the "ideal ammunition" of the 21st century, "perfect for social networks". "In Twitter's world, it's ideal: it's a word with several meanings and different applications, ideas and long arguments are reduced to a word or phrase."
But what does "globalism" mean, as a political slogan?
The term "was used by populist nationalists to condemn elites involved in global commerce, such as trade and international institutions," says Nye.
These leaders also evoke the "lack of national sovereignty" on particular issues such as immigration and trade, says Heidi Tworek, professor of international history at the University of British Columbia. British in Canada.
For Blommaert, the word, as it is now used, has three meanings: antiglobalists are against immigration and diversity ("debates against immigration avoid the word" racism "and replace it with" antiglobalism "", he says.), transnational governance and, finally, are also left behind ("we blame immigration, diversity, the rise of women – the loss of" cultural traditions "and values - and the construction of a transnational governance system").
On the other hand, the complaints of right-wing leaders against "globalism" may have some reason, acknowledges Gideon Rachman, an editorialist of the British Financial Times. For him, the use of the term with these meanings may be related to the global financial crisis of 2008.
"At that time, it was felt that something was wrong with the "globalization project". " There was discontent, Europe and the United States, and the feeling that those who created the system are the ones who have lost the least. "So," he says, "Trump and others have benefited."
In other words, if before globalization was seen as an economic and technological process, a group of people claimed that behind the phenomenon it existed an ideology: "globalism".
"They say that (globalism) was not inevitable, that it was not neutral and that it can be fought" , says Rachman
And he agrees: "The globalized world to which we are accustomed is the result of conscious decisions. Ideas can not be considered purely technocratic and separate from politics. They may have thought it was largely technical but political. "Yes." Other statements by Brazil's Foreign Minister, Ernesto Araújo, show that, for him, "globalism" has fundamentally characteristics "contrary to the nation" or contrary to the "homeland"
"Globalism is constituted by hatred, through its various ideological ramifications and its anti-national instruments, contrary to human nature and the human birth itself. same, "he said in his inaugural address.
The minister also said, "Do not believe what globalism says when it says that to have economic efficiency, it is necessary to stifle the heart of the country and not to love the country. Do not listen to globalism when it says peace means do not fight. "
The concept of "loving motherland" as opposed to "globalism" is shared by Trump. In his address to the United Nations General Assembly in 2018, the US president declared that the United States "rejected the ideology of globalism and adhered to the doctrine of patriotism".
The Belgian linguist Blommaert summarizes: Globalism basically means "the opposite of 21st century nationalism". The "antiglobalist" would be the nationalists of today – "but the term" nationalism "has become obsolete," he says.
Tworek, a professor in British Columbia, adds: with the suffix "ism", which refers to an ideology, the word is used to oppose "nationalism".
Ideological and Conspiratory Conception
Although it gives a reason to leaders who protest against the concepts that underlie the term "globalism," Gideon Rachman, of the Financial Times, points out that the fact that There was an ideology An integrated global economy as we know it today does not mean that there has been a conspiracy to do so. And the right, he says, underlines this supposedly "conspiratorial" aspect.
"Putin, China, the European Commission, Tony Blair and Bill Clinton had a similar vision of free trade, attached to the idea of an integrated global economy," he said. "The triumph of ideology was that we had not realized that it was an ideology – it seemed like common sense."
And there was an opposition – that of today is not new. He cites, for example, the 1999 Seattle protests, in which thousands protested against the World Trade Organization (WTO) meeting.
Or even the independence of central banks: "All the sensible people said that money management should be done by technocrats, but now there are clashes against this idea, like those of Trump in the United States. "
The professor of modern history of the City University of London and author of The Emergence of Globalism, or Rosenboim, says that Trump and other leaders "claim" to protest exa against this "neoliberal globalism".
For her, globalism is "the idea that politics must adapt to globalization or to the cultural and economic conditions of an interconnected world".
This does not mean, she says, that all "globalists" have the same values or goals within this world order. According to Rosenboim, Trump and other leaders use rhetoric to seem to protest against a specific type of "globalism", "neoliberal globalism" or that favors global economic interests over other interests.
The problem, she says, is that while they use this rhetoric, right-wing leaders do not really talk about "globalism". "It sounds more like a false version or a caricature of" globalism "." They say they are attacking the idea that 1% of the world's rich have taken advantage of this new interconnection condition, "he said." But there are a lot of rhetoric and a trick to appeal to people ignored by the neoliberal market. "
" Neoliberal globalism exists, but they do not protest it. They are protesting against a liberal cosmopolitan elite, not necessarily against the people or institutions responsible for creating such a market. "
" Globalism "Now, Before" Cosmopolitanism "
The Term" Globalism "is not new and has another meaning."
According to the Belgian linguist Jan Blommaert, from the turn of the 19th century to the 20th century, a new culture was born, related to urbanization. had a feeling that we were losing our traditions, that there was a new jaded mentality, that we were affected by consumption. "
What people defined with this new mentality was the word" cosmpolitan ". Cosmopolitan magazine, for example, was launched in 1886. Already at that time, the term "globalist" was already used, said the professor, alternating with "cosmopolitan."
Gold Rosenboim, City University of London, states that in the 1940s, after the Second World War, "Western thinkers and intellectuals tried to think of a post-war world preoccupied with the return of totalitarianism and militarism and recognizing the interconnectedness of the world. world, facilitated by transport and communication technologies ". She said that they thought about how the policy could be conducted "globally" and how values such as "well-being and equality" were global and not related to a single country. This is how "globalism" would have appeared in the sense in which it had been studied, the policy having to adapt to globalization.
For Blommaert, it was rather in the 1960s, with the end of the colonies in the world and with major media events, such as the landing on the moon and the Vietnam War, which changed the way the world was imagined.
"This is where we came to see the world as an interconnected system, the" global "as a notion, and we came to think that we live in a global world of zones and states with equal peoples, "he says. , citing "world leaders and icons" who have been known worldwide just before, such as Gandhi, Mao Tse Tung and Fidel Castro.
Thus for Blommaert, the term "globalism" replaced the term "cosmopolitanism", which represents "the new tendency to get rid of an old vision of the world, which was eurocê as the vision imperial world by the United Kingdom ". According to the teacher, it was a good thing. "There was an idea that we could learn from other regions and cultures in an equal and respectful way."
For Rosenboim, "globalism was not perceived as good or bad." It was perceived as a necessary element to respond to the new reality, it was rather: "We need globalism if we do not want to stay back."
But the same word, "cosmopolitan", was used as something negative and anti-Semitic before the 1960s. This was so in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union of Stalin , according to Blommaert. It was used to describe the "innate" characteristics of Jews, who would have no Germanic roots, in the case of Germany. For Stalin, "rootless cosmopolitanism", or Jews, represented a danger to Soviet sovereignty.
There are those who see echoes of this "cosmopolitan" anti-Semitic sense in the new sense of "globalism" in the 21st century. George Soros, an 88-year-old American-Hungarian Jewish entrepreneur. Born in Nazi-occupied Hungary during his teenage years, he emigrated to the United Kingdom. Today, he is an investor and philanthropist who invests in progressive and liberal causes around the world.
"It has no roots and is linked to international NGOs, so it's a typical" globalist ", said Blommaert. "It's a Jew who is again perceived as dangerous."
In 2018, the New York Times described how Soros' wickedness "went from edge to edge to become mainstream" – even called "globalist" Republican. The Hungarian magnate George Soros is the biggest symbol of the "globalism" of the so-called "anti-globalization" – Photo: LUKE MACGREGOR / REUTERS "title =" The American-Hungarian mogul George Soros is the biggest symbol of "globalism "who says" anti-globalist "- photo: LUKE MACGREGOR / Reuters" src = "data: image / jpeg; base64, / 9j / 4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD / 2wBDAAMCAgMCAgMDAwMEAwMEBQgFBQQEBQoHBwYIDAoMDAsKCwsNDhIQDQ4RDgsLEBYQERMUFRUVDA8XGBYUGBIUFRT / 2wBDAQMEBAUEBQkFBQkUDQsNFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBT / wgARCAAOABkDASIAAhEBAxEB / 8QAFwABAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABgcECP / EABYBAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQABf / aAAwDAQACEAMQAAAByq4StldIJoCvbkf / xAAdEAACAgIDAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAEBQEDAAYCExUU / 9oACAEBAAEFApiscQfZuZDcI6kej7uGWP8Av1wVV47t5tMoGXpzn // EABsRAAEEAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAQIDEVFh / 9oACAEDAQE / AXJiRZmfU5Gl / 8QAGhEAAQUBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAgABAxEUIf / aAAgBAgEBPwE4TjaxWXluv // // EACUQAAIBAwMCBwAAAAAAAAAAAAECAwAEIRETIhIxBTIzUXGRk aAAgBAQAGPwLw6Vi56pED5JBzVyyzStbo / RHtDhp71bxrbyRq5JAiU99c15Ln8zV vZPubu5xcdgKjtEbVHIWNtcj5qOyYSyW8aB0YPyzXqS / df // EACAQAAICAgAHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEhABExgRBhcZGh0fD / 2gAIAQEAAT8heLqKHUFa + IZK1dTBlDPFjJTyd8OebAQUcbZhQZYSQ0wWD3hnrpxUMEYRufe9z // aAAwDAQACAAMAAAAQlv8A / 8QAGhEBAAMAAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQARIUFRYf / aAAgBAwEBPxDmSi7rbQ8LyIKDJ // EABsRAAIBBQAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAExABEhQVHh / 9oACAECAQE / EMZKgN67BYKxP // EAB0QAQEAAwEAAwEAAAAAAAAAAAERACFBMVHB8PH / 2gAIAQEAAT8QBomaM0S6Q8PjF7LkyikFqx5LhDQ5ktQabtfGk9z9T9YxUSaKADdw + R4G Ydg0GrK7jbznWbwI8h1TSERNQ5n9nn / 2Q == "/> The American-Hungarian tycoon George Soros is the biggest symbol of" anti-globalization "that says" anti-globalization "- Photo: LUKE MACGREGOR / REUTERS
The meaning of "Globalism" has also been used in Brazil, according to Mariana Kalil, International Relations of the Superior School of War, Brazil.
It all started, he says, with the "great founder of Brazilian foreign policy", Baron de Rio Branco. At the beginning of the 20th century, he understood "the moment to change Brazilian foreign policy from Europe to the United States". He founded the Brazilian Embbady in Washington in 1905, where Joaquim Nabuco surrendered. He received the Pan American Conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1906. It was the so-called "pragmatic Americanism".
"The pragmatic Americanism" was transformed into "pragmatic equidistance" under Getúlio Vargas and later became "globalism" in the 1960s, while the world "had many poles", says -he.
Then, "Brazil began to exercise" globalism "". It is not this "globalism" of which we speak now, which he defines as a "partisan politician", but a "tradition of Brazilian foreign policy".
And what exactly was this Brazilian "globalism"? According to Kalil, this equates to a "pragmatism in foreign policy to diversify partnerships to increase their earnings". And this, he says, "has nothing to do with a global conspiracy".
At the time of the administrations of presidents Jânio Quadros and João Goulart, in the 1960s, there was already talk of "globalism", she said. And after that, "globalism was the basis of the foreign policy of military governments." "The main policy of the Geisel government was the so-called" responsible and ecumenical pragmatism ", which meant dealing essentially with everyone.
However, this Brazilian" globalism "of the twentieth century is not related to" Globalism "that Brazil's Foreign Minister has spoken to today, which he defines as" a threat to the national interest and identity "- and what it says it's not necessarily related to anti-immigration ideas, for example, as Professor Blommaert says.
And, says Kalil, "the" globalism "of foreign policy is one thing, the globalism of the rhetoric is another. "In other words, it is unclear whether the Chancellor will concretize his speech in speeches." Brazil will not reject international organizations, this is not the case, "he predicts. 19659048] The speeches of Araújo, in which he speaks of "globalism", does not concern This is not necessarily a radical change in Brazilian foreign policy and, in Kalil's view, is positive because it favors "their democratization".
"We have never had such a democratic foreign policy to give voice to public opinion, and foreign policy is a public policy like any other," he said.
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