Cairo: The first "complex" known to Egypt since 1049 years

The Cairo Governorate celebrates its national holiday on July 6 each year, when the first stone of Cairo was laid as the new capital of Egypt north of the city of Qatayyim by the commander of the armies Fatimids Jowhar al-Sakali on 17 Sha & Ban 358 AH / 6 July 969, being Cairo, the fourth capital of Islamic Egypt.

The archeologist Sameh al-Zahar, specialist in Islamic archeology and Coptic, said today at the Middle East News Agency that the planning of the Fatimid city of Cairo has shown the first concerns small residential communities of the population, surrounded by gates and fences, "Explaining that Cairo was the exclusive possession of its palace residents and Fatimid badistants and senior state and army officials Fatimid.

He added that he was never allowed to live in a category outside of Fatimid society, but that he was allowed to enter Egyptian merchants, artisans and craftsmen. to do their work in the new city, meeting the needs of the people.

The Zahar explained that the essence of the Sicilian was made on each side of the walls of Cairo north between (Bab al-Nasr) and ( Bab al-Fotouh), and to the south (Bab Zuw ila) and the east side (Bab Telegraph) and (Bab al-Qarateen) It is known since the Mamluk era (Bab al-Mahroq), while in the west, parallel to the bay there is the door of happiness near the door of creation, and (Bab al-Qantara) to Bab al-Sha 'Ariya now.

Cairo has become one of the most important forms of cities and residential communities, with one of the most important forms of Islamic architecture known as defensive architecture : Cairo remained the most important capital of a country in the East where scientific, cultural, literary and intellectual life During the Ayyubid era, Saladin took control of Egypt , eager to develop, build and build inside and outside Cairo, and perhaps the most important thing he has established (the Castle of the Mountain), who had a military purpose. He entrusted his defense minister, Bahaauddin Qaraqosh, with responsibility for the construction, in addition to constructing a new wall for the city and he took charge of the political, social and religious change of form, but he wanted to preserve the city.

For Mamluk Cairo, he explained that the golden age of Cairo was then the richest and richest from the architectural point of view, and that it was the most important process construction and construction. Husayniyah District, where the mosque was built in the Qara Qosh area, known today as the "Zaher Mosque", and was named after the ancient (Mosque of net).

He also built in the citadel of Salah al-Din many buildings such as the gold house and establishes a market for horses and establishes Sebaa arches on the Great Gulf, near the mosque of Sayeda Zeinab

] He pointed out that Cairo extended to the time of the Qalawun family, who ruled Egypt for a hundred years, especially under the reign of Sultan al -Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun and his emirs and commanders of the army. Until it was brought to Syriacus, and connected to the Old Great Gulf, to increase the water in, and was completed in only two months, as stated in the book of the great historian Abdul Rahman Zaky "Builders Cairo in a thousand years."

The archaeologist Sameh Zahar said that since the Ottoman era until the modern era, Cairo has played a leading role in the political, social, economic and social arena. cultural and that he has experienced the greatest chance of architectural and artistic renaissance of this long period. Khedive Ismail, and its area amounted to about 1000 acres, and the addition of the Ismailia district, "Liberation currently" to the city of Cairo, as mentioned in Mubarak in the "compromise plans" . "

Muhammad Ali Pasha was the first to present Western architecture with its unique qualities in Cairo, which earned him a special character: he summoned engineers from the West and built his castle, Saray Shubra and Saray al-Azbekiya.

At the time of Khedive Ismail, the Nile Bridge, the zoo and a number of Sarayat, including Saray Abdeen, were built, railway lines were established, and modern schools were established. The time of Khedive Abbas, the Abbasid neighborhood and other neighborhoods such as Sayeda Zeinab and Helmiya. Olive, Ain Shams and others.

He explained that all of the above confirms that Cairo is one of the largest and most important capitals of the world, which has fascinated all those who have visited and experienced any significant period of its history . ).