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Weight watchers around the world must not only pay attention to what they eat but also at the right time for food intake, according to a new study. The study is published in the latest issue of the journal Cell and entitled "Insulin / IGF-1 stimulates PERIOD synthesis to drive circadian rhythms with feeding time". Research has revealed that meals late at night can desynchronize the biological clock. The study was funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC).
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Researchers at the University of Manchester have studied cultured cells and mice for their study. They explain that foods trigger the release of insulin through the pancreas to help the body use sugar intake in foods. When foods are taken at a different time, the release of insulin is also observed at the "wrong" moment. This can throw the body clock in all its states and affect weight loss and gain, say the researchers.
Dr. David Bechtold, a senior lecturer at the university and one of the authors of the study, said in a statement: "We already know that modern society poses many challenges to our health and our well-being – things that are considered mundane, such as work, sleep deprivation and jet lag disrupt our biological clock. It is now clear that circadian disturbances increase the incidence and severity of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. "
The team explains that the advent of electricity has allowed humans to work day and night and thus disrupt the circadian rhythm. They add that the body cortisol stress hormone can reach its maximum around 8 o'clock, which can help wake a person up. It falls to its lowest limit around 3 o'clock in the morning. Sunlight usually triggers the maximum rise of cortisol rather than the alarm. In the middle of the morning, the researchers explain, cortisol levels begin to drop while levels of adrenaline and serotonin begin to rise. This raises the level of energy and mood. Adrenaline leads to a feeling of hunger and encourages a person to eat. When cortisol levels begin to drop, he gets tired one afternoon. Now, serotonin in the body is turning into melatonin and that can make you sleepy. Blood sugar levels also decrease to a minimum around 3 am when cortisol levels are low. According to the researchers, this balance can be disturbed if it is possible to nibble or eat late at night. The effects can be observed on digestion, sugar levels, skin, stress levels, etc.
The new study shows that insulin, as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), can synchronize with circadian rhythms. When they are released, they increase the levels of certain proteins called "clock proteins PERIOD". In their experiments, when they changed the timing of insulin release, the researchers found a change in circadian rhythm. They noted that this disturbance caused a change in the behavior of the mice as well as an alteration of their biological clock and their gene expression.
The team from the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) of Cambridge and Manchester University of the MRC first noted the effects on cultured cells and then repeated them on mice. In the mice, they fed them at irregular times when the mice were resting. This led to a disruption of their natural circadian rhythms.
Dr. John O'Neill, research director at the MRC LMB in Cambridge, explained, "At the heart of these cell clocks lies a complex set of molecules whose interaction provides accurate 24-hour timing. What we showed here, is that insulin, released when we eat, can act as a synchronization signal for the cells of our entire body. "Sunlight, just like food, can act as signals to the biological clock," he explained. Dr. Priya Crosby, a postdoctoral researcher at UC Santa Cruz and first author of the study, explained, "Our data suggests that eating at the wrong time could have a major impact on our circadian rhythms. Much remains to be done here, but paying close attention to meal times and light is probably the best way to mitigate the negative effects of shift work. Even for those who work at more traditional times, paying attention to when to eat is an important way to help maintain a healthy biological clock, especially as you get older. "
Other recent studies that have explored the effects of irregular feeding time and health effects
Authors A. Paoli and colleagues from the Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Padova (Italy) collaborated with Texas researchers to determine the role of fasting and meals on health. Their study "Influence of meal frequency and timing on human health: the role of fasting" was published last month in the journal nutrients.
The team reviewed evidence that the high frequency of meals (six or more meals per day) and the frequency of meals were low (1-2 meals per day) and that the former was more harmful to health. They explain that the main factor here was the time between meals. They concluded from their findings that health benefits could be obtained from;
- A regular meal pattern
- Healthy breakfast – consumption of a greater proportion of energy at the beginning of the day
- Reduced frequency of meals (1 to 2 per day)
- Regular fasting periods
They add that these measures may provide "physiological benefits such as a reduction in inflammation, an improvement in circadian rhythmicity", as well as a "stress resistance and modulation of the gut microbiota" .
In another study, researchers led by S. Viela of the Universidade do Porto in Portugal examined the one-day dietary calendar and its effects on childhood obesity. They used the term "chrono-nutrition" to describe the effects of food synchronization on circadian rhythm. Their study entitled "Chrono-Nutrition: The relationship between daytime energy and macronutrient intake and body weight of children" was published last month in the journal J Biol Rhythms.
The authors examined the effects of ingestion of macronutrients in four-year-old children after following them up to the age of 7 years. A total of 1961 children were included in the study from the XXI generation study data. Food journals were obtained for 4 year olds and the weight was measured at 7 years old.
The results showed that a higher energy intake at lunch and dinner at the age of four was badociated with being overweight or obese at the age of 7 years. There was also a risk of obesity and weight gain in children who skipped breakfast or had their first meal late in the day. This link was independent of the child's eating behavior or appetite.
In December 2018, Japanese researcher J Yoshida and colleagues from the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Okayama, Japan, studied the effects of snacking at night on the metabolic syndrome. Their study entitled "Association of nocturnal eating habits with the metabolic syndrome and its components: a longitudinal study" was published in the last issue of the journal BMC Public Health.
They examined the effects of a dinner just before going to bed and / or taking after dinner snacks on obesity and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Their study population included 8,153 adults aged 40 to 54 years. Their results showed that nighttime snacks were badociated with the metabolic syndrome in women. The metabolic syndrome includes type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity and an increase in blood cholesterol. The researchers found that nighttime snacks were badociated with increased blood cholesterol in both men and women.
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