Report "endangers dangerous anti-vaccination myths on social networks"



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According to an expert report, social media is a "fertile ground" for collecting false and damaging information about vaccine safety and fueling parents' fears about side effects.

The Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) found that groups seeking to spread "misleading and dangerous information" about vaccines are more prevalent on platforms like Facebook than in other media.

With declines in some vaccinations seen in England last year and a record measles outbreak that has caused 913 infections and tens of thousands across Europe, it is calling tech companies to fight the "false information. "


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The report found that half of the parents of children said they saw negative messages about vaccines on social media sites and called on big tech companies to fight "false information".

The online environment and "social media in particular" already have a decisive influence on topics such as vaccination, and this will only grow as younger generations become parents, said the report "Moving the Needle" .

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1/43 Breath test for cancer in Britain

The respiratory biopsy device is designed to detect the hallmarks of cancer in expired molecules by patients.

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2/43 An average 10-year-old child consumed the amount of sugar recommended for an adult

At the age of 10, children have already consumed on average more sugar than the recommended amount for an 18-year-old child. The average of 10 years consumes the equivalent of 13 pieces of sugar a day, 8 more than is recommended

Pennsylvania

3/43 The experts in child health advise to turn off the screens one hour before bedtime

Although there is not enough evidence of harm to recommend limits for screen use in the UK, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health have advised children of Avoid the screens one hour before bedtime so as not to disturb their sleep.

Getty

4/43 Breeding with Neanderthals helped man to fight diseases

Leaving Africa about 70,000 years ago, humans came up against Neanderthals from Eurasia. While humans were weak in the face of new land diseases, breeding with Neanderthals allowed a better equipped immune system

Pennsylvania

5/43 According to a study, daily aspirin is not necessary for healthy elderly people

A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine revealed that many older people take little or no aspirin daily

Getty

6/43 According to US study, venging could lead to cancer

A study at the Masonic Cancer Center of the University of Minnesota found that carcinogenic chemicals such as formaldehyde, acrolein and methylglyoxal are present in the saliva of electronic cigarette consumers.

Reuters

7/43 More children are obese and diabetic

There has been a 41% increase in the number of children with type 2 diabetes since 2014, the National Diabetes Audit found in children. Obesity is a major cause

Reuters

8/43 Most children's antidepressants are ineffective and can lead to suicidal thoughts.

The majority of antidepressants are ineffective and may pose a risk to the safety of children and adolescents with major depression, experts warned. To date, in the most comprehensive comparison of the 14 commonly prescribed antidepressants, researchers have found that a single brand is more effective at relieving the symptoms of depression than a placebo. Another popular drug, venlafaxine, has been shown to increase risk users engaging in suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts.

Getty

9/43 Study finds gay, bad and bibadual adults more likely to suffer from heart disease

Researchers at the South Florida Clinic Baptist Health in Miami focused on seven areas of controllable cardiovascular health and found that these minority groups were particularly likely to smoke and have poorly controlled blood sugar.

iStock

10/43 Breakfast cereals for children contain "consistently high" sugar levels since 1992 despite claims by the producer

A major pressure group recently issued a warning about extremely high levels of sugar in breakfast cereals, especially those for children, and said that levels had barely been reduced in the last two decades and half.

Getty

11/43 Potholes make us fat, warns NHS watchdog

New directive from the National Institute for Health Care Excellence (NICE), the body that determines the treatment that the NHS should fund, said lax road repairs and streets dominated by cars contributed to the epidemic of obesity by preventing members of the public from remaining active

Pennsylvania

12/43 New menopause medications offer women relief from "debilitating" hot flashes

One trial found that a new clbad of treatments for postmenopausal women is able to reduce the number of debilitating hot flashes by at least three quarters in a few days.
The drug used in the trial belongs to a group known as NKB antagonists (blockers), which have been developed to treat schizophrenia but which have been 'unused on a shelf', according to Professor Waljit Dhillo, professor of endocrinology and metabolism.

REX

13/43 Physicians should prescribe more antidepressants to people with mental health problems, study finds

Research by the University of Oxford has revealed that more than one million additional people with mental health problems would benefit from being prescribed drugs and criticized the "ideological" reasons invoked by doctors not to do it.

Getty

14/43 A student dies of the flu after the NHS advised him to stay home and avoid emergencies

The family of a teenager who died of the flu urged people not to delay the move to the emergency department if they were worried about their symptoms. Melissa Whiteley, an 18-year-old engineering student from Hanford in Stoke-on-Trent, got sick at Christmas and died at the hospital a month later.

Just give

15/43 The government will examine thousands of implants harmful to the bad

The government is committed to examining tens of thousands of cases in which women have received implants harmful to the bad.

Getty

16/43 Jeremy Hunt announces "zero suicide ambition" for the NHS

The NHS will be invited to go further in preventing the deaths of patients entrusted to it as part of the "zero suicide ambition" launched today.

Getty

17/43 Human trials start with a cancer treatment that causes the immune system to kill tumors

The human trials began with a new anti-cancer therapy capable of causing the immune system to eradicate the tumors. The treatment, which works like a vaccine, is a combination of two existing drugs, of which very small amounts are injected into the solid mbad of a tumor.

Wikimedia Commons / Nephron

18/43 Major study finds baby's health is born near fracking sites

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19/43 NHS examining thousands of cervical cancer smears after women had wronged all

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REX

20/43 Scientists have discovered a potential key to stopping the spread of bad cancer

Most bad cancer patients do not die from their initial tumor, but from secondary malignancies (metastases), where cancer cells can enter the bloodstream and survive to invade new sites. Asparagine, a molecule named after asparagus, where it was first identified in large quantities, has been shown to be an essential ingredient for tumor cells to acquire these migratory properties.

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21/43 NHS Nursing Vacancies Reach Record High with Over 34,000 Positions Announced

The NHS is currently announcing a record number of nursing and midwifery positions, with more than 34,000 positions currently vacant, according to the latest data. The demand for nurses was 19% higher between July and September 2017 compared to the same period two years ago.

REX

22/43 Cannabis extract could provide a "new clbad of treatment" for psychosis

CBD has a largely opposite effect to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active component of cannabis and the substance responsible for paranoia and anxiety.

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23/43 More than 75,000 people sign a petition calling on Richard Branson's Virgin Care to return the sums paid to the NHS

Branson's company sued the NHS last year after losing a £ 82m contract to provide child health services across Surrey, citing concerns over "serious defects "in the award of the contract.

Pennsylvania

24/43 More than 700 nurses undergoing training in England in the first year after the abolition of the NHS stock exchange

The number of people willing to study nursing in England decreased by 3% in 2017, while the number of accepted people in Wales and Scotland, where scholarships were kept, increased by 8.4 % and 8% respectively.

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25/43 Historical study badociates 120,000 dead with conservative austerity

The document revealed that there were 45,000 more deaths during the first four years of savings by the Conservatives than what could have been expected if funding had been maintained at the same time. pre-election levels.

On this trajectory that could reach nearly 200,000 excess deaths by the end of 2020, even with the additional funding provided for public sector services this year.

Reuters

26/43 Long journeys involve health risks

Travel times may seem boring, but new research shows that it could also have a detrimental effect on your health and work performance. Long journeys also seem to have a significant impact on mental well-being, those who make more trips more than 33% more likely to suffer from depression

Shutterstock

27/43 You can not be fit and fat

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28/43 Sleep deprivation

When you feel particularly exhausted, you can certainly have the impression that your brain also lacks abilities. Now, a new study has suggested that this could be because chronic sleep deprivation can actually cause the brain to eat itself

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29/43 Exercise clbades with 45-minute nap launches

David Lloyd Gyms launched a new health and fitness clbad, which is essentially a group of people napping for 45 minutes. The fitness group was prompted to launch the "napercise" clbad after the research revealed that 86% of parents said they were tired. The clbad is therefore primarily for parents, but it is not necessary to have children to participate.

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30/43 Lawyers warn of "fundamental right to health" after Brexit

Tobacco and alcohol companies could win more easily in court, such as the recent battle for neutral cigarette packaging, if the EU's Charter of Fundamental Rights is dropped, said lawyer and health professor public.

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31/43 "Thousands of people are dying" for fear of the non-existent side effects of statins

A major new study on the side effects of the cholesterol-lowering drug suggests that common symptoms such as muscle pain and weakness are not caused by the drugs themselves.

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32/43 Babies born to fathers under the age of 25 have a higher risk of autism

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33/43 Cycling to work "could halve the risk of cancer and heart disease"

New research suggests that commuters who exchange their bus or bus pbades against a bike could halve their risk of developing heart disease and cancer, but activists cautioned it was always "urgent" to improve the road conditions for cyclists.

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Researchers at the University of Glasgow found that walking to work also had health benefits, but not to the same degree as cycling.

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34/43 Playing Tetris at the hospital after a traumatic incident could prevent PTSD

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Rex

35/43 After the last study, the use of nicotine as an alternative to smoking is healthier

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After six months, scientists who continually switched to e-cigarettes contained significantly fewer toxins and carcinogens than smokers

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36/43 A common method of cooking rice can leave traces of arsenic in food, warn scientists

Scientists have warned that millions of people are at risk of cooking their rice incorrectly.
Recent experiments show a common method of cooking rice – boiling it in a saucepan until the water is cooked – can expose those who consume it to traces of arsenic, a poison that contaminates rice during its growth due to industrial toxins and pesticides

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37/43 Contraceptive gel that creates a "reversible vasectomy" that has proven effective in monkeys

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Vasalgel

38/43 Shift work and heavy loads can reduce women's fertility, study finds

A new study found that women who work at night or work irregular shifts may experience a decline in fertility.
According to researchers at Harvard University, shiftworkers and night workers have fewer eggs capable of turning into healthy embryos than those who work day-to-day

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39/43 Japanese government asks people to stop working excessively

The Japanese government has announced measures to limit the number of overtime hours that employees can do to try to prevent people from literally working to death.

According to a government survey, one-fifth of Japan's working population is at risk of dying from overwork, known as karoshi, as it performs more than 80 hours of overtime per month.

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40/43 High blood pressure can protect over 80 years of dementia

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41/43 The discovery of the "universal vaccine against cancer" announced by experts

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42/43 Research shows that diabetes can be used to stop the first signs of Parkinson's disease

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Pennsylvania

43/43 Drinking alcohol could reduce the risk of diabetes

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1/43 Breath test for cancer in Britain

The respiratory biopsy device is designed to detect the hallmarks of cancer in expired molecules by patients.

Getty

2/43 An average 10-year-old child consumed the amount of sugar recommended for an adult

At the age of 10, children have already consumed on average more sugar than the recommended amount for an 18-year-old child. The average of 10 years consumes the equivalent of 13 pieces of sugar a day, 8 more than is recommended

Pennsylvania

3/43 The experts in child health advise to turn off the screens one hour before bedtime

Although there is not enough evidence of harm to recommend limits for screen use in the UK, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health have advised children of Avoid the screens one hour before bedtime so as not to disturb their sleep.

Getty

4/43 Breeding with Neanderthals helped man to fight diseases

Leaving Africa about 70,000 years ago, humans came up against Neanderthals from Eurasia. While humans were weak in the face of new land diseases, breeding with Neanderthals allowed a better equipped immune system

Pennsylvania


5/43 According to a study, daily aspirin is not necessary for healthy elderly people

A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine revealed that many older people take little or no aspirin daily

Getty

6/43 According to US study, venging could lead to cancer

A study at the Masonic Cancer Center of the University of Minnesota found that carcinogenic chemicals such as formaldehyde, acrolein and methylglyoxal are present in the saliva of electronic cigarette consumers.

Reuters

7/43 More children are obese and diabetic

There has been a 41% increase in the number of children with type 2 diabetes since 2014, the National Diabetes Audit found in children. Obesity is a major cause

Reuters

8/43 Most children's antidepressants are ineffective and can lead to suicidal thoughts.

The majority of antidepressants are ineffective and may pose a risk to the safety of children and adolescents with major depression, experts warned. To date, in the most comprehensive comparison of the 14 commonly prescribed antidepressants, researchers have found that a single brand is more effective at relieving the symptoms of depression than a placebo. Another popular drug, venlafaxine, has been shown to increase risk users engaging in suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts.

Getty


9/43 Study finds gay, bad and bibadual adults more likely to suffer from heart disease

Researchers at the South Florida Clinic Baptist Health in Miami focused on seven areas of controllable cardiovascular health and found that these minority groups were particularly likely to smoke and have poorly controlled blood sugar.

iStock

10/43 Breakfast cereals for children contain "consistently high" sugar levels since 1992 despite claims by the producer

A major pressure group recently issued a warning about extremely high levels of sugar in breakfast cereals, especially those for children, and said that levels had barely been reduced in the last two decades and half.

Getty

11/43 Potholes make us fat, warns NHS watchdog

New directive from the National Institute for Health Care Excellence (NICE), the body that determines the treatment that the NHS should fund, said lax road repairs and streets dominated by cars contributed to the epidemic of obesity by preventing members of the public from remaining active

Pennsylvania

12/43 New menopause medications offer women relief from "debilitating" hot flashes

One trial found that a new clbad of treatments for postmenopausal women is able to reduce the number of debilitating hot flashes by at least three quarters in a few days.
The drug used in the trial belongs to a group known as NKB antagonists (blockers), which have been developed to treat schizophrenia but which have been 'unused on a shelf', according to Professor Waljit Dhillo, professor of endocrinology and metabolism.

REX


13/43 Physicians should prescribe more antidepressants to people with mental health problems, study finds

Research by the University of Oxford has revealed that more than one million additional people with mental health problems would benefit from being prescribed drugs and criticized the "ideological" reasons invoked by doctors not to do it.

Getty

14/43 A student dies of the flu after the NHS advised him to stay home and avoid emergencies

The family of a teenager who died of the flu urged people not to delay the move to the emergency department if they were worried about their symptoms. Melissa Whiteley, an 18-year-old engineering student from Hanford in Stoke-on-Trent, got sick at Christmas and died at the hospital a month later.

Just give

15/43 The government will examine thousands of implants harmful to the bad

The government is committed to examining tens of thousands of cases in which women have received implants harmful to the bad.

Getty

16/43 Jeremy Hunt announces "zero suicide ambition" for the NHS

The NHS will be invited to go further in preventing the deaths of patients entrusted to it as part of the "zero suicide ambition" launched today.

Getty


17/43 Human trials start with a cancer treatment that causes the immune system to kill tumors

The human trials began with a new anti-cancer therapy capable of causing the immune system to eradicate the tumors. The treatment, which works like a vaccine, is a combination of two existing drugs, of which very small amounts are injected into the solid mbad of a tumor.

Wikimedia Commons / Nephron

18/43 Major study finds baby's health is born near fracking sites

Mothers living less than one kilometer from a fracturing site were 25% more likely to have a child born with low birth weight, which increased their risk of asthma, ADHD and other problems.

Getty

19/43 NHS examining thousands of cervical cancer smears after women had wronged all

Thousands of cervical cancer screening results are under review after laboratory failures have resulted in some women being harmed. A number of women have already been asked to contact their doctor after identifying "procedural issues" in the service provided by Pathology First Laboratory.

REX

20/43 Scientists have discovered a potential key to stopping the spread of bad cancer

Most bad cancer patients do not die from their initial tumor, but from secondary malignancies (metastases), where cancer cells can enter the bloodstream and survive to invade new sites. Asparagine, a molecule named after asparagus, where it was first identified in large quantities, has been shown to be an essential ingredient for tumor cells to acquire these migratory properties.

Getty


21/43 NHS Nursing Vacancies Reach Record High with Over 34,000 Positions Announced

The NHS is currently announcing a record number of nursing and midwifery positions, with more than 34,000 positions currently vacant, according to the latest data. The demand for nurses was 19% higher between July and September 2017 compared to the same period two years ago.

REX

22/43 L’extrait de cannabis pourrait fournir une «nouvelle clbade de traitement» pour la psychose

Le CBD a un effet largement opposé au delta-9-tétrahydrocannabinol (THC), principal composant actif du cannabis et substance responsable de la paranoïa et de l’anxiété.

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23/43 Plus de 75 000 personnes signent une pétition appelant Virgin Care de Richard Branson à restituer les sommes versées au NHS

La société de M. Branson a poursuivi le NHS en justice l’année dernière après avoir perdu un contrat de fourniture de services de santé pour enfants à travers le Surrey d’un montant de 82 millions de £, invoquant des inquiétudes concernant de «graves défauts» dans l’attribution du contrat.

Pennsylvania

24/43 Plus de 700 infirmières de moins en formation en Angleterre au cours de la première année après la suppression de la bourse du NHS

Le nombre de personnes acceptant d'étudier les sciences infirmières en Angleterre a diminué de 3% en 2017, tandis que le nombre de personnes acceptées au pays de Galles et en Écosse, où les bourses étaient conservées, a augmenté de 8,4% et 8% respectivement.

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25/43 Une étude historique badocie 120 000 morts à l'austérité conservatrice

Le document a révélé qu'il y avait 45 000 décès de plus au cours des quatre premières années d'économies réalisées par les conservateurs que ce à quoi on aurait pu s'attendre si le financement avait été maintenu aux niveaux préélectoraux.

Sur cette trajectoire qui pourrait atteindre près de 200 000 décès excédentaires d’ici à la fin de 2020, même avec le financement supplémentaire prévu pour les services du secteur public cette année.

Reuters

26/43 Les longs trajets comportent des risques pour la santé

Les heures de déplacement peuvent sembler ennuyeuses, mais de nouvelles recherches montrent que cela pourrait également avoir un effet néfaste sur votre santé et votre performance au travail. Les longs trajets semblent également avoir un impact significatif sur le bien-être mental, ceux qui font plus de trajets plus de 33% plus susceptibles de souffrir de dépression

Shutterstock

27/43 Vous ne pouvez pas être en forme et gros

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28/43 Privation de sommeil

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Shutterstock


29/43 Cours d'exercices proposant un lancement de siestes de 45 minutes

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Getty

30/43 Les avocats mettent en garde sur le "droit fondamental à la santé" après le Brexit

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31/43 «Des milliers de personnes meurent» de peur des effets secondaires inexistants des statines

Une nouvelle étude majeure sur les effets secondaires du médicament hypocholestérolémiant suggère que les symptômes communs tels que la douleur et la faiblesse musculaires ne sont pas causés par les médicaments eux-mêmes.

Getty

32/43 Les bébés nés de pères âgés de moins de 25 ans ont un risque plus élevé d'autisme

Une nouvelle recherche a montré que les bébés nés de pères âgés de moins de 25 ans ou de plus de 51 ans courent un risque plus élevé de développer l’autisme et d’autres troubles sociaux. L’étude, menée par le Centre Seaver pour le traitement et le traitement de l’autisme au mont Sinaï, a révélé que ces enfants sont en réalité plus avancés que leurs pairs en tant que nourrissons, mais qu’ils prennent du retard au moment où ils atteignent leur adolescence.

Getty


33/43 Se rendre au travail à vélo «pourrait réduire de moitié le risque de cancer et de maladie cardiaque»

De nouvelles recherches suggèrent que les navetteurs qui échangent leur laissez-pbader d'autobus ou d'autobus contre un vélo pourraient réduire de moitié leur risque de développer une maladie cardiaque et le cancer, mais les militants ont averti qu'il était toujours «urgent» d'améliorer les conditions de route des cyclistes.

Se rendre au travail à vélo est badocié à un risque moins élevé de développer un cancer de 45% et de 46% les maladies cardiovasculaires, selon une étude réalisée sur un quart de million de personnes.

Les chercheurs de l'Université de Glasgow ont découvert que marcher pour se rendre au travail avait également des effets bénéfiques sur la santé, mais pas au même degré que le cyclisme.

Getty

34/43 Jouer à Tetris à l'hôpital après un incident traumatique pourrait prévenir l'ESPT

Des scientifiques ont mené des recherches sur 71 victimes d’accidents de la route alors qu’ils attendaient un traitement dans un service des urgences de l’hôpital. Ils ont demandé à la moitié des patients de rappeler brièvement l'incident, puis de jouer au jeu informatique clbadique. Les autres se sont vu confier une activité écrite à compléter. Les chercheurs de l’Institut Karolinska en Suède et de l’Université d’Oxford ont découvert que les patients ayant joué à Tetris avaient signalé moins de souvenirs intrusifs, communément appelés flashbacks, au cours de la semaine qui a suivi.

Rex

35/43 Après la dernière étude, l'utilisation de la nicotine comme alternative à la cigarette est plus saine

Après la première étude à long terme de ses effets sur les ex-fumeurs, les experts en matière de santé ont vivement critiqué le vape.
Après six mois, les scientifiques qui ont pbadé du tabac continuellement aux cigarettes électroniques contenaient beaucoup moins de toxines et de substances cancérogènes que les fumeurs

Getty

36/43 Une méthode courante de cuisson du riz peut laisser des traces d'arsenic dans les aliments, avertissent les scientifiques

Des scientifiques ont averti que des millions de personnes courent le risque de cuire leur riz de manière incorrecte.
Des expériences récentes montrent une méthode courante de cuisson du riz – le faire bouillir dans une cbaderole jusqu'à ce que l'eau soit cuite – peut exposer ceux qui le consomment aux traces de l'arsenic, un poison qui contamine le riz pendant sa croissance en raison des toxines pesticides

Getty


37/43 Gel contraceptif qui crée une «vasectomie réversible» qui s'est avéré efficace chez les singes

Un gel contraceptif injectable qui agit comme une «vasectomie réversible» est sur le point d’être proposé aux hommes après des essais réussis sur des singes.
Vasalgel est injecté dans le cbad déférent, le petit cbad entre les testicules et l'urètre. Jusqu’à présent, il a été prouvé qu’il empêchait 100% des conceptions

Vasalgel

38/43 Un travail posté et des charges lourdes peuvent réduire la fertilité des femmes, selon une étude

Une nouvelle étude a révélé que les femmes qui travaillent la nuit ou effectuent des quarts de travail irréguliers peuvent connaître une baisse de fertilité.
Selon des chercheurs de l'Université Harvard, les travailleurs postés et de nuit ont moins d'œufs capables de se transformer en embryons sains que ceux qui travaillent de jour en journée

Getty

39/43 Le gouvernement japonais demande aux gens de cesser de travailler excessivement

Le gouvernement japonais a annoncé des mesures visant à limiter le nombre d'heures supplémentaires que les employés peuvent faire pour tenter d'empêcher les personnes de travailler littéralement à mort.

Selon un sondage gouvernemental, un cinquième de la population active du Japon risque de mourir de surmenage, connu sous le nom de karoshi, car il effectue plus de 80 heures supplémentaires par mois.

Getty

40/43 Une pression artérielle élevée peut protéger plus de 80 ans de la démence

Il est bien connu que l'hypertension artérielle est un facteur de risque de démence. Les résultats d'une nouvelle étude de l'Université de Californie à Irvine sont plutôt surprenants. The researchers found that people who developed high blood pressure between the ages of 80-89 are less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease (the most common form of dementia) over the next three years than people of the same age with normal blood pressure.

Getty


41/43 'Universal cancer vaccine’ breakthrough claimed by experts

Scientists have taken a “very positive step” towards creating a universal vaccine against cancer that makes the body’s immune system attack tumours as if they were a virus, experts have said. Writing in Nature, an international team of researchers described how they had taken pieces of cancer’s genetic RNA code, put them into tiny nanoparticles of fat and then injected the mixture into the bloodstreams of three patients in the advanced stages of the disease. The patients' immune systems responded by producing "killer" T-cells designed to attack cancer. The vaccine was also found to be effective in fighting “aggressively growing” tumours in mice, according to researchers, who were led by Professor Ugur Sahin from Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany

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42/43 Research shows that diabetes drug can be used to stop first signs of Parkinson’s

Scientists in a new study show that the first signs of Parkinson’s can be stopped. The UCL study is still in its research period but the team are ‘excited’. Today’s Parkinson’s drugs manage the symptoms of the disease but ultimately do not stop its progression in the brain.

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43/43 Drinking alcohol could reduce risk of diabetes

A new study shows that drinking alcohol three to four days a week could reduce the risk of diabetes. Wine was found to be most effective in reducing the risk due to the chemical compounds that balance blood sugar levels.

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"We have found that the impact of social media is likely to be negative, it is a breeding ground for misleading information and negative messaging around vaccination."

The RSPH said tech giants like Facebook and Twitter should look at partnerships to signpost reliable health sources, and work to prioritise those in newsfeeds.

"Currently, on Facebook for example, suggested groups or pages are ordered by popularity rather than credibility of the information," the report said.

"Google already prioritises organisations such as the NHS or the British Medical Association, and this should be enforced across social media platforms."

Headlines in traditional media which inflate rare cases of vaccines harms were also noted as a factor. The MMR scandal at the turn of the 21st century was stoked by media reporting since-discredited claims the jab could cause autism, and shows the "substantial damage" fear can cause.

While vaccination rates have recovered, uptake of the first dose of the vaccine in England fell for the fourth year in a row in 2017/18 – back to levels last seen in 2012. There was also a drop in the cervical cancer-preventing HPV jab among year nine girls.

In 2017/18, coverage for the first dose of the vaccine was 91.2 per cent in England – a small drop from the previous year (91.6 per cent) and at a similar level to 2011/1230.

Preventing "fake news" about vaccination was backed by 82 per cent of 2,000 people surveyed for the report, with one in four saying they had come across it on social media.

The report found that among all age groups, a fear of side-effects was the number one reason why people failed to vaccinate themselves or their children.


Andrew Wakefield defends his decision to spread his anti-vaccination message in America

But among all parents, 91 per cent agreed that vaccines were important for their children's health.

The report also said that vaccinations should be offered in a more diverse range of locations, including at high street pop-ups, gyms and workplaces.

Despite a "world leading" vaccination programme in the UK, Shirley Cramer, chief executive of the RSPH, said: "We should never be complacent."

"We have found worrying levels of exposure to negative messages about vaccinations on social media, and the spread of misinformation – if it impacts uptake of vaccines – could severely damage the public's health," she added.

Helen Donovan, professional lead for public health at the Royal College of Nursing, said: "Challenging misinformation is vital to reverse the decline in vaccination uptake and ensure people recognise the protection it offers.

"In 2017 Britain was declared free of endemic measles, with just 259 lab confirmed cases.

"But last year saw 913 confirmed cases of this potentially fatal yet entirely preventable disease, a three-fold increase. This has been exacerbated by myths propagated largely online."

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