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According to a new study, the vast majority of cannabis sold on the streets of Madrid contains dangerous levels of faeces and is unfit for human consumption.
Manuel Pérez Moreno, a pharmacologist at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, obtained 90 cannabis resin samples from various drug traffickers in the Spanish capital and discovered E Coli Aspergillus bacteria and fungi in a large proportion of the samples.
E Coli present in 75% of the samples badyzed – an indicator of faecal contamination. And 10% was contaminated with Aspergillus – a dangerous fungus that can cause lung infections, especially in people with underlying health problems.
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The average amount of faecal bacteria in each gram of resin was 500 times higher than the maximum limit set by US law for marijuana or by the European regulation for fruits and tea, the study revealed.
Mr. Pérez said that drug trafficking methods were the main reason for the high contamination.
1/10 United Kingdom
Reclbadified in 2009 from a clbad C drug to a clbad B drug, cannabis is now the most abused illicit drug in the UK. However, the UK is also the only country where Sativex, a prescribed drug that helps fight muscle spasms related to multiple sclerosis and contains certain ingredients that are also found in cannabis, is permitted in as treatment.
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2/10 North Korea
Although many people think that cannabis use in North Korea is legal, the official law in this area has never been entirely clear under the Kim Jong Un regime. However, it is said that the North Korean leader Korean himself has openly stated that he does not consider cannabis as a drug and that his diet does not oppose the consumption or sale of this drug.
MARCEL VAN HOORN / AFP / Getty Images
3/10 Netherlands
In the Netherlands, smoking cannabis is legal, as long as it is smoked in designated "smoking areas" and you do not own more than 5 grams for your personal use. It is also legal to sell the substance, but only in some cafes
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4/10 United States
Although in some US states, cannabis is now legalized, police in the United States could make a marijuana-related arrest every 42 seconds, according to US News and World Report. The country also spent about $ 3.6 billion a year to enforce the marijuana law, notes the American Civil Liberties Union.
AP Photo / Ted S. Warren
5/10 Spain
Although cannabis is officially illegal in Spain, the European hotspot has recently begun to be dubbed "the new Amsterdam". This is due to the fact that there are more than 700 "cannabis clubs" in Spain – these are considered legal places to consume cannabis, as the consumption of this drug is private and not public. These figures have increased significantly in the last three years: in 2010, there were only 40 cannabis clubs in all of Spain. Recent figures also show that in Catalonia alone, 165,000 members are registered in cannabis clubs, which represents more than 5 million euros in monthly income.
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6/10 Uruguay
In December 2013, the House of Representatives and the Senate pbaded a bill legalizing and regulating the production and sale of the drug. But the president has since postponed the legalization of cannabis to 2015 and, once legalized, it will be the authorities that will grow cannabis that can be sold legally. Buyers must be aged 18 or over, reside in Uruguay and register with the authorities.
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7/10 Pakistan
Although laws prohibiting the sale and abuse of cannabis exist and are considered a habit that only low-income groups enjoy, they are very rarely enforced. Occasional cannabis use at community gatherings is widely tolerated according to a centuries-old custom. The open use of cannabis by Sufis and Hindus as a means to provoke euphoria has never been disputed by the state. In addition, large expanses of cannabis grow unchecked in nature
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8/10 Portugal
In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world to decriminalize the use of all drugs and began treating drug users as sick rather than criminals. However, you can still be arrested or badigned to mandatory rehab if you are repeatedly in possession of drugs.
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9/10 Porto Rico
Although cannabis use is currently illegal, it is said that Puerto Rico is decriminalizing it.
RAUL ARBOLEDA / AFP / Getty Images
10/10 China
Cannabis is grown in nature and has been used to treat diseases such as gout and malaria. But, officially, the substance is illegal to consume, own and sell
Getty
1/10 United Kingdom
Reclbadified in 2009 from a clbad C drug to a clbad B drug, cannabis is now the most abused illicit drug in the UK. However, the UK is also the only country where Sativex, a prescribed drug that helps fight muscle spasms related to multiple sclerosis and contains certain ingredients that are also found in cannabis, is permitted in as treatment.
Getty
2/10 North Korea
Although many people think that cannabis use in North Korea is legal, the official law in this area has never been entirely clear under the Kim Jong Un regime. However, it is said that the North Korean leader Korean himself has openly stated that he does not consider cannabis as a drug and that his diet does not oppose the consumption or sale of this drug.
MARCEL VAN HOORN / AFP / Getty Images
3/10 Netherlands
In the Netherlands, smoking cannabis is legal, as long as it is smoked in designated "smoking areas" and you do not own more than 5 grams for your personal use. It is also legal to sell the substance, but only in some cafes
Getty
4/10 United States
Although in some US states, cannabis is now legalized, police in the United States could make a marijuana-related arrest every 42 seconds, according to US News and World Report. The country also spent about $ 3.6 billion a year to enforce the marijuana law, notes the American Civil Liberties Union.
AP Photo / Ted S. Warren
5/10 Spain
Although cannabis is officially illegal in Spain, the European hotspot has recently begun to be dubbed "the new Amsterdam". This is due to the fact that there are more than 700 "cannabis clubs" in Spain – these are considered legal places to consume cannabis, as the consumption of this drug is private and not public. These figures have increased significantly in the last three years: in 2010, there were only 40 cannabis clubs in all of Spain. Recent figures also show that in Catalonia alone, 165,000 members are registered in cannabis clubs, which represents more than 5 million euros in monthly income.
Getty
6/10 Uruguay
In December 2013, the House of Representatives and the Senate pbaded a bill legalizing and regulating the production and sale of the drug. But the president has since postponed the legalization of cannabis to 2015 and, once legalized, it will be the authorities that will grow cannabis that can be sold legally. Buyers must be aged 18 or over, reside in Uruguay and register with the authorities.
Getty
7/10 Pakistan
Although laws prohibiting the sale and abuse of cannabis exist and are considered a habit that only low-income groups enjoy, they are very rarely enforced. Occasional cannabis use at community gatherings is widely tolerated according to a centuries-old custom. The open use of cannabis by Sufis and Hindus as a means to provoke euphoria has never been disputed by the state. In addition, large expanses of cannabis grow unchecked in nature
Getty
8/10 Portugal
In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world to decriminalize the use of all drugs and began treating drug users as sick rather than criminals. However, you can still be arrested or badigned to mandatory rehab if you are repeatedly in possession of drugs.
Getty
9/10 Porto Rico
Although cannabis use is currently illegal, it is said that Puerto Rico is decriminalizing it.
RAUL ARBOLEDA / AFP / Getty Images
10/10 China
Cannabis is grown in nature and has been used to treat diseases such as gout and malaria. But, officially, the substance is illegal to consume, own and sell
Getty
According to the Spanish newspaper El Pais, he added, traffickers pack the cannabis resin in a transparent film the size of an acorn and ingest them, ball after bullet, after eating yogurt to neutralize the acids of the stomach.
"When they arrive in Spain, they take laxatives and emit acorns. And this is on sale, "said the pharmacist.
He reported that 93% of the cannabis contained in these acorns contained E. coliand stated that 40% of purchased acorns had a fecal odor.
"Most of the hashish sold in Madrid is not suitable for human consumption, mainly because of microbiological criteria, and represents a danger to health", he concludes in his study, published in in the newspaper International legal science.
Of all the samples obtained, 83.3% were considered dangerous for human consumption.
The authors of the study warned that the dangers can affect vulnerable patients who buy cannabis illegally to manage pain.
They said that in recent years, the number of people with cancer who smoked cannabis had increased while they were trying to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy.
"These patients have a weakened immune system, so an infection caused by the consumption of contaminated or adulterated hash can be fatal," the study said.
Combustion does not reduce all risks, said Pérez.
"The seal filters are hollow. Not only do you suck the smoke, you also suck particles, "he said.
Biologist Immaculada Santos, co-author of the study and professor at the university, said El Pais"The quantities of bacteria we have seen are outrageous. The problem is not just inhalation. Hashish is constantly handled with his hands. "
"It is clear that it is a public health problem."
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