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Although post-vaccination discomfort is usually harmless and subsides after a day or two, some hospitals and medical centers are staggering health worker vaccinations to avoid a brief cluster of absenteeism.
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1. What reactions can occur?
Typical symptoms include pain in the arm, usually localized in the area where the inoculation was given, and systemic symptoms, such as mild fever or high temperature, headache, and muscle pain. Some studies have shown that young adults report localized and systemic reactions more frequently than people over 65. A type of rash, known as a disease rash, was described in a 30-year-old health worker two days after his second stroke. The rash, which covered most of her back, resolved on its own after a day.
2. Are they of concern?
The reactions can be unpleasant, but they are usually short-lived and much less severe than what is inflicted by a natural infection. Vaccines are subjected to extensive safety tests before they are released. Once they are used on a large scale, they are rigorously monitored in “post-market” surveillance systems for unexpected or rare reactions that are too rare to have been detected in clinical trials. Although adverse reactions to a vaccine are not uncommon, these products would not be licensed if they were likely to be severe or long-lasting.
3. What causes reactions to vaccines?
The vaccines are designed to mimic a natural infection without the disease in its own right, thereby generating protective immunity. Reactions usually result from the immune system’s response to the key component: an antigen that looks like any bug it’s designed for.
Normally, when the body encounters a bacteria, virus, or other potential enemy, the immune system seeks to neutralize and destroy it. The chemicals that attract cells to kill the invader are released in a process that can raise body temperature, said Peter English, communicable disease consultant in the UK and former editor of Vaccines in Practice magazine .
A vast army of so-called T cells and B cells are recruited to generate a lasting “memory” of the enemy and how to thwart them. “As you learn to recognize the pathogen, the body experiences the same immune reactions that it would if it had encountered the pathogen in real life, producing many of the same reactions,” said Mr. English.
4. What can cause another reaction?
The vaccines may also contain components that can induce a reaction or enhance the immune response to the antigens in the vaccine, English said. Covid-19 vaccines can also include:
Preservatives to prevent the vaccine from spoiling.
Microscopic bubbles of lipids or fat containing genetic material from mRNA vaccines (manufactured by Moderna Inc., Pfizer Inc. and BioNTech SE) to instruct cells to produce SARS-CoV-2 antigens.
Harmless viruses to introduce genetic material into cells to instruct them to produce SARS-CoV-2 antigens.
Harmless chemical “adjuvants” designed to increase the immune response to antigens.
5. Why are the reactions to the second dose worse?
It takes some time for the immune system to refine its response to a new pathogen. Immune memory cells are programmed so that when they encounter an invader a second time – either from natural infection or from vaccine antigens – they are ready to respond faster and more vigorously. This recognition usually triggers the mass production of immune signaling molecules or “cytokines” which are responsible for the muscle pain, fever, chills and fatigue that recipients sometimes experience. robust and long-lasting immune response.
6. What is the reaction of the survivors of Covid-19?
Their reaction to fire may be more pronounced, but the benefits likely will be too. Florian Krammer and colleagues at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City compared the effects of mRNA vaccines on people with and without pre-existing antibodies to the coronavirus.
The researchers found that the antibody levels of those who had pre-existing immunity were 10 to 45 times higher than those who did not at the same times after the first dose of the vaccine. Localized reactions to the vaccine occurred with equal frequency in both groups at the time of vaccination and resolved spontaneously a few days later.
However, systemic side effects – such as fatigue, headache, chills, fever, and muscle pain – occurred after vaccination in 89% of people with pre-existing immunity, compared to 46% of people vaccinated without any.
7. Is feeling bad after vaccination a good sign?
It’s reassuring to think that it does – and it may be, English said, although “I’m not sure there’s a plethora of data to back it up.” At the very least, a mild, short-lived fever indicates that the immune system is responding in a way that should confer protection against the coronavirus if encountered in real life.
8. Can you take something for it?
A mild fever of less than around 38.5 degrees Celsius (101 degrees Fahrenheit) is part of the body’s normal response to infection and is not harmful. If it can be tolerated, rest and fluids are the ideal remedy, according to English. A sustained temperature above 39 degrees Celsius is more serious, especially in infants. Taking aspirin, acetaminophen / paracetamol (such as Tylenol), or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as ibuprofen for pain and fever relief is not likely to affect the quality of the response immune.
This story was posted from an agency feed with no text editing.
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