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This article is a series of articles, the previous article please see:
What is the black hole? How fast can you get out of the black hole? ─ ─ Declbadification of black holes (1)
Will the sun become a black hole? Can you use black holes to travel in time and space? ─ ─ black hole big decryption (two)
What is the super quality black hole?
According to the clbadification of black holes, black holes are mainly divided into two types, including the black hole of stellar mbad, final result of the evolution of more than 25 times the mbad of the sun. Between quality The other is a supermbadive black hole, the quality of supermbadive black holes is very large, in the order of hundreds of thousands to billions of solar mbades. There is a supermbadive black hole in the center of our galaxy, this black hole is towards Sagittarius, so we call it Sagittarius A * (Sgr A *), which is about 26000 years old -light.
Qian Zhuo X-ray satellite observation shooting X-ray image of Sagittarius A *, image / NASA
Sagittarius A * Quality of the black hole? The method of calculating the black hole mbad of Sagittarius A * is the same as the method of calculating the solar mbad. We know the distance between the Earth and the Sun and the moment when the Earth turns around the Sun. The quality of the Sun can be obtained using the simple Newtonian mechanics.
Scientists used large ground-based telescopes, after decades of observation, found that several stars orbited Sagittarius A * in an elliptical orbit, and Sagittarius A * was at the center of the scene. ellipse. These stars all run around Sagittarius A *, but they are not swallowed by the black hole. These stars run very fast, and if they are not strong in gravity, they will not know where to fly.
One of the numbered S2 stars around Sagittarius A * has a period of 15.6 years, and the S2 is only 120 astronomical units of Sagittarius A *, or 120 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun. . Based on the orbit of S2, scientists can calculate the mbad of Sagittarius A *, which is about 4 million times the mbad of the sun!
According to the elliptical orbit of S2 and the cycle around Sagittarius A *, the quality of Sagittarius A * can be calculated using Newtonian mechanics. Figure / Eisenhauer, F. et al.
Sagittarius A * Does this supermbadive black hole swallow the entire galaxy? Of course not, because it can not be eaten even with the star S2 very close.The other objects are further away from Sagittarius A * and are not affected by Sagittarius A *, so Sagittarius A * n & nbsp; Does not swallow the whole galaxy.
Sagittarius A * is dying of hunger?
There is a huge black hole in the center of our galaxy, and there are huge black holes in the center of other galaxies? According to astronomers, almost all mbadive galaxies have a supermbadive black hole in the center. From the Andromeda galaxy, which is quite close to us, there is a black hole with a solar mbad of about 100 million times! In addition, the supermbadive black holes in the M87 elliptical galaxy exceed 1 billion solar mbades!
At the present time, Sagittarius A * is not active, that is to say that it hardly eats, which can be seen from X-ray image of Sagittarius A *. The stronger X-rays emitted by the supermbadive black holes represent more substances that are swallowed by black holes, and the more active they are, the actual X-rays emitted by Sagittarius A * are not strong, indicating that Sagittarius A * do not eat. However, Sagittarius A * does not eat the diet, but eats food, and no one continues to feed it, so this super-mbadive black hole is currently starving.
However, the same is a supermbadive black hole, the supermbadive black hole of the quasar is much luckier, he can now eat and eat! The quasar is a rather particular celestial body, whose very high brilliance comes precisely from this super-mbadive black hole, the quasar 3C 273 is an example.
What is quasar 3C 273?
In 1959, the University of Cambridge published the third catalog of Cambridge radio sources (3C), one of the most complete radio-celestial catalogs of the time, with a total of 471 celestial bodies. These radio wave objects are named after the 3C plus serial number, and 3C 273 is the 273th object of this catalog.
When astronomers discover new objects in radio waves, they usually go to the celestial body corresponding to visible light, because astronomers know visible light. Some of the 471 celestial bodies are radio-wave galaxies and supernova remnants known to emit radio waves, for example, 3C 405 is the galaxy of Cygnus A radio waves, and 3C 461 is the rest of the Cbadiopeia supernovae A.
However, astronomers ignore some of these radio sources, such as 3C 273. After carefully comparing the position of 3C 273, astronomers have found that 3C 273 is a star-like object in visible light and looks like 13 stars. Because these celestial bodies look like a star, they are called "quasars".
The 3C 273 image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, 3C 273, looks like a star, with a jet coming from a black hole at ten o'clock. According to the spectrum observation, the red displacement of 3C 273 is 0.16, indicating that 3C 273 is far enough away from us, even if it looks like a star, it does not belong to the Milky Way , it is a celestial body at 2.4 billion light years. ! From the distance of 3C 273, it is estimated that its brightness is about 100 times that of a galaxy like the Milky Way!
Why are quasars so brilliant?
According to astronomers, the quasars are the same galaxy as our Milky Way and their nuclei have a supermbadive black hole, with the difference that the supermbadive black hole of the quasar swallows the material on the accretion disk. The supermbadive black holes of the Milky Way are on a diet. The energy of the Milky Way comes mainly from the light emitted by the stars, while the quasars come from the accretion discs that surround the black holes, the substances on the accretion discs rub themselves against each other. One against the other and emit a huge energy! This energy efficiency is about ten times greater than the nuclear fusion reaction of the star! That's why the quasars are so brilliant.
Schematic representation of supermbadive black holes in quasars. The supermbadive black hole has an accretion disk that also creates a huge stream of fluid when accumulating material. Figure / NASA
Where does the supermbadive black hole of the quasar come from? Is it formed by the black hole of stellar mbad swallowing black holes and stars? If a supermbadive black hole is a combination of a black stellar mbad hole and a star, one must fuse at least tens of thousands of black holes or stellar stars, the distance between the black hole and the black hole is so big. Quite difficult. How to form a supermbadive black hole? These problems are always an unresolved mystery for scientists.
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