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According to NASA experts and top officials, scientists face deadly challenges related to deadly cosmic radiation, potential vision loss, and bone atrophy. The US space agency believes it can put humans on the red planet in 25 years, but the technological and medical hurdles are immense.
"The cost of resolving these problems will depend on current budgets, or slightly increased budgets, about 25 years to solve these problems," said former NASA astronaut Tom Jones, who had carried out four space shuttle missions before retiring in 2001.
"We need to start using some key technologies," he told reporters. On an average distance of about 225 million kilometers, Mars poses scientific problems an order of magnitude higher than anything that the Apollo lunar missions encounter.
With current rocket technology, it would take up to nine months for an astronaut. to reach Mars, the physical cost of floating so long in zero gravity would be enormous.
For example, scientists believe that prolonged weightlessness can cause irreversible changes in blood vessels in the retina, resulting in poor vision.
After a while, the skeleton begins to leach calcium and bone mbad. Scientists still do not know the effects of an alleged one-year mission on the surface of Mars, gravity only accounting for one-third of the Earth. One way to reduce the wear and tear of the human body is to dramatically reduce travel time to March.
Jones called for nuclear propulsion systems offering the added benefit of generating electricity in flight. "If we start now, in 25 years, we could have these technologies to help us and protect us from these long transit times," he said.
Under current conditions, a simple trip to Mars would take so long that the astronaut would receive the same amount of radiation that would normally be considered safe during an entire career.
"We do not yet have the solution in terms of protection, protection of cosmic rays and solar flares."
Aerospace experts have identified several technologies that require rapid development, including capable spacecraft to survive the harsh entrance to Mars and land quite gently, as well as the ability to lift people, the surface, and return to Earth.
NASA is currently using a new robotic lander called InSight that is getting closer to Mars and will land on November 26th after taking off from California on May 5. Human knowledge of the conditions on Mars, informs efforts to send explorers and reveals how rocky planets like the Earth have formed there are Billion Years.
Jim Garvin, Chief Scientist of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, said that InSight filled his position in "critical unknowns" and help build a key understanding of Mars. In 2020, NASA will send a rover to Mars as part of another mission. Its goal will be to determine the livability of the Martian environment, to look for signs of ancient life and to badess the natural resources and risks for future explorers.
SpaceX and many other countries are developing technologies that could be used in future Mars missions. Some experts believe that a new exploration of the moon is the key to a future Mars mission, as astronauts could learn more about water extraction or about the use of technology and apply these lessons to future Mars missions.
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