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Russian-Israeli billionaire Yuri Milner is planning the first private mission to deep space – and NASA is helping him.
Milner hopes to for life on Saturn’s moon Enceladus, which many experts believe is the most likely place in the universe to contain alien life.
According to New Scientist, ‘agreements signed by NASA and Milner’s non-profit Breakthrough Starshot Foundation in September show that the organisations are working on scientific, technical and financial plans for the ambitious mission.’
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Humanity’s best hope for finding alien life may be Saturn’s moon Enceladus (pictured). Scientists say the icy celestial body is the only world in the solar system other than Earth with all the ingredients needed for life. Now Russian-Israeli billionaire Yuri Milner is planning the first private mission to deep space to look for it.
WHAT WOULD LIFE ON ENCELADUS LOOK LIKE?
The types of life form that might be able to live on Enceladus would not be little green men – but would be similar to microbes living in extreme conditions on earth – such as volcanic vents on the ocean floor.
The natural satellite pumps organic molecules – a precursor to microbial life – from its liquid subsurface ocean, readings from a NASA probe earlier this year revealed.
NASA has committed over $70,000 to help produce a concept study for a flyby mission, and will use the money to provide staff.
Scientists say the icy celestial body is the only world in the solar system other than Earth with all the ingredients needed for life.
The natural satellite pumps organic molecules – a precursor to microbial life – from its liquid subsurface ocean, readings from a NASA probe earlier this year revealed.
Researchers said they were ‘blown away’ by the study, adding the results could direct future searches for extra-terrestrial life.
Breakthrough is proposing another fly-by mission to sample the moon’s plumes, but this time with equipment to detect extra-terrestrial life.
The agreements make it clear that Breakthrough would be leading and paying for the mission, and have sole authority to determine whether it goes ahead.
Both NASA and the European Space Agency are currently considering whether to fund their own missions to Enceladus.
NASA’s role in the Breakthrough mission will be to provide scientific and technical consulting, including ‘expertise in the fields of astrobiology, planetary, biological, and Earth sciences, as well as planetary protection.’
The natural satellite pumps organic molecules from its liquid subsurface ocean, readings from a Nasa probe show. The molecules are ejected via surface jets and hydrothermal vents (artist’s impression)
Researchers have previously speculated on a next generation mission to the moon.
‘The findings have great significance for the next generation of exploration,’ said study coauthor Dr Christopher Glein, a researcher at the Southwest Research Insitute in San Antonio, Texas.
‘A future spacecraft could fly through the plume of Enceladus, and badyse those complex organic molecules using a high-resolution mbad spectrometer to help us determine how they were made.
WHO IS YURI MILNER?
In 2012, Milner established The Breakthrough Prize – a set of international awards recognizing three fields of endeavour: Fundamental Physics, Life Sciences and Mathematics
A onetime physics PhD student in Moscow who dropped out to move to the US in 1990, Milner is one of a handful of technology tycoons devoting time and money to space exploration.
Yuri Milner was born into a Jewish family on 11 November 1961 in Moscow and studied theoretical physics at Moscow State University, graduating in 1985.
He began his business career selling illegal DOS computers in the Soviet Union.
When the national government collapsed, he enrolled at Wharton School of Business to earn an MBA.
His real success came when he founded investment firms Digital Sky Technologies (DST) – now called Mail.ru Group – and DST Global.
DST Global has invested in a number of major technology firms including Facebook, Spotify, Twitter and Alibaba.
In 2012, Milner established The Breakthrough Prize – a set of international awards recognizing three fields of endeavour: Fundamental Physics, Life Sciences and Mathematics.
Laureates receive $3 million each in prize money, making the Breakthrough Prizes the largest scientific awards in the world.
Earlier this year, he teamed up with Stephen Hawking in the search for alien life as part of the ‘Breakthrough Initiatives.’
The $100 million quest will see telescopes scour one million of the closest stars to Earth for faint signals thrown out into space by intelligent life beyond our own world.
As part of his long-term vision, Milner believes that the internet will develop into a ‘global brain’ that will work as a type of nervous system for Earth.
‘We must be cautious, but it is exciting to ponder that this finding indicates that the biological synthesis of organic molecules on Enceladus is possible.’
Enceladus – 628 million miles from Earth – is extremely cold and features ice volcanos across its cracked surface crust.
Scientists have long suspected the moon may host alien life since the discovered of its subsurface ocean by Nasa’s Cbadini probe in 2015.
The moon regularly ejects plumes of water and ice particles from its global ocean via hydrothermal vents.
The research team closely studied readings of one of these plumes that was collected by Cbadini.
Instruments on the probe made measurements within the plume and Saturn’s E-ring, which is formed by plume ice grains escaping Enceladus’ gravity.
They found that complex, carbon-rich organic molecules are ejected from the cracks in Enceladus’s icy surface.
The molecules have mbades above 200 atomic mbad units – over ten times heavier than methane.
WHAT IS ENCELADUS AND COULD IT HOST ALIEN LIFE?
Enceladus (pictured) is Saturn’s sixth largest moon, at 313 miles wide (504 kilometres)
Enceladus is Saturn’s sixth largest moon, at 313 miles wide (504 kilometres).
It is an icy satellite with hydrothermal activity – a rare combination – with vents spewing water vapour and ice particles out from a global ocean buried beneath the moon’s frozen crust.
A handful of worlds are thought to have liquid water oceans beneath their frozen shell, but only Enceladus sprays its ocean out into space, where a spacecraft can sample it.
According to Nasa observations, the plume includes organic compounds, volatile gases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, salts, and silica.
Microbes on our planet either produce these compounds or use them for growth, leading some to speculate that tiny organisms live in Enceladus’s hidden ocean.
This means that while Enceladus may look ‘inhospitable’ like Saturn’s other moons, it is a prime candidate in our search for alien life.
Scientists think chemical reactions between the moon’s rocky core and warm water from its subsurface ocean are linked to these complex molecules.
‘Complex organic molecules do not necessarily provide a habitable environment, but on the other hand they are a necessary precursor for life,’ Dr Frank Postberg from the University of Heidelberg, who led the research, told The Independent.
‘Previously it was unknown whether complex organic chemistry happens on Enceladus – and now we know.’
Liquid water, hydrogen gas and simple organic molecules – all key ingredients for life – had been found on the moon before.
Scientists have long suspected that Enceladus may host alien life since Nasa’s Cbadini probe discovered the icy body has a subsurface ocean in 2015. This artist’s impression depicts the probe sailing through one of Enceladus’s hydrothermal plumes
Researchers said the results could direct future searches for extra-terrestrial life as the organic molecules may be the precursors for alien microbes. It suggests the moon’s (artist’s impression) subsurface ocean is a prime target for future searches for extra-terrestrial life
But the discovery of complex organic molecules, the precursors to the evolution of simple microbes, means the moon now has everything needed to grow life.
‘We are, yet again, blown away by Enceladus,’ Dr Glein said.
‘Previously we’d only identified the simplest organic molecules containing a few carbon atoms, but even that was very intriguing.’
‘With complex organic molecules emanating from its liquid water ocean, this moon is the only body besides Earth known to simultaneously satisfy all of the basic requirements for life as we know it.’
During Cbadini’s close flyby of Enceladus in October 2015, the probe detected molecular hydrogen as the spacecraft flew through the plume.
The moon regularly ejects plumes of water and ice particles from its global ocean via hydrothermal vents. The research team closely studied readings of one of these plumes that was collected by Cbadini (artist’s impression)
Previous flybys provided evidence for a global subsurface ocean residing above a rocky core.
Molecular hydrogen in the plume is thought to form by the geochemical interaction between water and rocks in hydrothermal environments.
‘Hydrogen provides a source of chemical energy supporting microbes that live in the Earth’s oceans near hydrothermal vents,’ said study coauthor Dr Hunter Waite.
‘Once you have identified a potential food source for microbes, the next question to ask is ‘what is the nature of the complex organics in the ocean?’
‘This paper represents the first step in that understanding — complexity in the organic chemistry beyond our expectations!’
The full findings of the study were published in the journal Nature.
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