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Rome, 3rd of July. (AdnKronos Health) – Malaria, yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, zika. These are some of the main viroses transmitted by mosquitoes that can endanger the holidays. The Italian Society for Infectious and Tropical Diseases (SIMIT) warns travelers about the dangers and ways to defend themselves according to the countries you want to visit. The main viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes of the aedes genus (dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses) is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and the Americas. Malaria, a parasitic pathogen transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, is widely distributed in Africa, Asia and parts of the Americas. These diseases represent a risk for travelers wishing to visit the endemic area. Since 2017, hundreds of yellow fever cases, present in Africa and Latin America, have been reported in densely populated areas of Brazil ( São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais), five confirmed import cases and one suspect have been reported in Europe by unvaccinated European travelers, including one fatal (ECdc 2018). In Europe, these diseases are mainly represented by imported cases of dengue, chikungunya and zika from the endemic area; Only indigenous cases have been reported occasionally, transmitted by local vectors. In Italy, in recent years, there have been two outbreaks with more than 200 cases of indigenous chikungunya transmission: in 2007 in the Ravenna-Cervia region and in 2017 in the region of Anzio and Rome. "The risk of autochthonous transmission of these diseases is linked to the coexistence of two main factors: the presence of infected subjects (viremia in the case of Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika virus) and the circulation of competent carriers" – stresses Simit – En Due to the high mobility of goods and people globally, and given the ongoing climate changes, it is essential to maintain an adequate system of monitoring and risk monitoring related to the introduction of climate change. arboviruses and malaria potential carriers present in the territory. "There are effective preventive measures for those wishing to travel to the endemic area." Regarding arbovirosis (we speak of Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika virus) – explains Francesco Castelli, specialist in infectious and tropical diseases of the University of Brescia and a member of Italian Infectious and Tropical Diseases – it is mainly entomoprofilbadi, or behavioral measures avoid contact with the wearer, including the use of chemical barriers (repellents, insecticides), mechanical barriers (nets or mosquito nets) and the use of protective clothing especially during the hours of maximum activity of the wearer. Risk of yellow fever, live attenuated vaccine is also available, to be carried out at least ten days before arrival in the endemic zone and mandatory for entry into any country. "The World Health Organization recommends vaccination for direct travelers to endemic areas of Africa and Latin America, with special reference to areas affected by the epidemic currently underway. In Brazil, some Asian countries, although not endemic to yellow fever, may require the vaccine if travel involves stopping in endemic areas The vaccine may be administered in single-dose international vaccination centers in the case of life in an area at risk of malaria – emphasizes the Simit – especially where there was the most severe form caused by P. falciparum (tertiary malaria malaria), in addition to measures mentioned above of prophylactic behavior, pharmacological prophylactic measures are recommended (chemoprophylaxis), with the use of active ingredients such as mefloquine, atova quone-proguanil and doxycycline, each according to a specific dosage regimen.At the present stage, evidence of the existence on Italian territory of indigenous transmission vectors is rather limited. In Italy, the presence of aedes albopictus and anopheles labranchiae is documented. The "tiger mosquito" (A. albopictus), detected in Europe since the 1970s and for the first time in Italy in 1990, has been identified as a vector of chikungunya foci in our country and sporadic cases of dengue fever in humans. other European countries. . "The stable presence of the vector and the climatic conditions in our country – Castelli continues – could lead to the recurrence of indigenous cases in the presence of paucin-symptomatic carriers of the virus returning from endemic countries.Currently, some studies have shown a partial competence of this vector for the Zika virus transmission, although no autochthonous cases have been reported in Europe – concludes the infectious scientist – transmitted by the mosquito, but transmitted badually.Aedes aegypti, main vector of the dengue virus, chikungunya and Zika virus have never been detected in Europe, except on the eastern shores of the Black Sea ".
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