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The 2018 ceremony was marked by scientific discoveries and events that caught the attention of the world, including the discovery of the world's oldest liquid water on Earth and ice on the moon.
We list some important new science that has emerged over the past year.
Secure roof For the warming of the earth
The elevation of the earth's temperature of 2 ° C is a warning of severe climate change. This is not necessary to avoid more damaging consequences for global warming, researchers said.
But some pushed towards an end standing at 1.5 degrees Celsius. In October, climatologists published a report explaining what could happen if these efforts were successful.
This could result in a decrease in the number of millions of people who will lose their homes due to rising sea levels, the number of endangered species and the number of people likely to suffer from. lack of water.
But access to it requires high cost and "rapid changes, of considerable scope and unprecedented".
The report did not mention what governments should do, but defined a set of requirements, including a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, a rapid transition to renewable energy, and adjustments to lifestyle and climate change. to food.
The oldest animal in history
The world today has more than a million species of animals living on Earth, from the blue whale, the largest animal, to the smallest worms under our feet.
In the search for the first image of animals on Earth, the life form of the Adyakari era, more than 500 million years ago, was highly emphasized when complex organisms are appeared on Earth.
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ANU
But its location in relation to the tree of life is difficult to define. These organisms have been clbadified in more than one form, considered to be part of the fungus and fungus, and have been placed in a central area between plants and animals.
Last September, scientists were able to extract cholesterol molecules from an organism of the Adyakari era called "Dickinsonia", similar to flat jellyfish. Cholesterol is a characteristic of animals, which clearly shows that living organisms of this age were animals.
Mountain plastic waste
The global plastics crisis has attracted attention in 2018.
In April, BBC science editor David Schockman traveled to Indonesia to write a report on plastic waste blocking water circulation in the rivers of Bandung, the island of Java in Indonesia.
The crisis was very serious and the military was called to help clear a large plastic block containing bags, bottles and other plastic containers.
It is worrying that the problem is getting worse. In March, a report commissioned by the British government revealed that the amount of plastic in the ocean could triple within a decade if the volume of plastic waste was not reduced.
Mysterious neutrons
Neutrons represent one of the essential components of the universe. These particles move violently in the universe unhindered and interact very little with them. In fact, a neutron particle can cross a lead barrier for an entire light year (about 10,000 billion kilometers) without colliding with a single seed.
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Scientific photo library
Many neutrons come from the sun or the Earth's atmosphere. But the source of a set of high-energy neutrons remained obscure for a few months.
In July, an international team found one of them in a distant galaxy. The galaxy has a center of bright colors due to the energy coming from a huge black hole. With the fall of a substance in the hole, huge bursts of charged particles appear, transforming these galaxies into giant particle accelerators.
Scientists are conducting research in Antarctica to collect data on these super energy neutrons for six years, but this was the first time researchers could badociate them with a space source.
Water on Mars and ice on the moon
We made sure that there was ice on Mars and that there were traces of liquid water from time to time.
But in July, a team of scientists announced the discovery of a 20-kilometer lake under the Antarctic ice floe.
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NASA / JPL / Malin Space Science Systems
NASA's Kiorosity spacecraft was searching for rock remains at the bottom of an ancient lake when the first sign of a constant gathering of water was discovered. The result was exciting, as scientists have long been looking for signs of liquid water on Mars.
"We are not near a real discovery of life, but this discovery gives us a place to look on Mars," said Manish Patel of the Open University of Britain.
In August, researchers published what they said was the most accurate evidence to date of ice on the moon.
The Chandrayaan-1 Indian Shuttle data indicates ice deposits in the north and south poles of the Moon.
The people of ancient Brittany
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Through the study of alumni DNA, we have learned unprecedented information about the past. A striking feature in 2018 is the discovery that the ancient British were almost completely replaced by a mbadive exodus from the continent about 4,500 years ago.
The Stonehenge archaeological site was built by British Neolithic builders, but the newcomers overcame it, destroying 90% of British genes in just a few hundred years.
The reasons are still unknown. But illness, famine and conflict are possible causes.
Nozzle under the ice
In November, scientists identified what appeared to be a nozzle formed following the collision of an object with the Earth under the ice of Greenland. It is at this moment that scientists have examined radar images of the foundation of the island.
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MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OF DENMARK
This crater may have been formed after the collision of an asteroid with the Earth a long time ago, between 12,000 and 3 million years ago.
Some researchers have doubts about the evidence so far.
But the discovery of the crater raised important issues related to global warming after the end of the ice age.
If further research confirms that the age of this crater is close to this time, he might reinstate this old debate.
First human migration
There are many indications that the ancestors of most people who lived outside Africa left the continent in an immigration process 60,000 years ago. But there is evidence that the sage came out of Africa before that time.
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Israel Hershkovitz, Tel Aviv United
In January, Israeli scientists discovered a bone marrow fossil dating back 185,000 years, tens of thousands of years before previous evidence.
Forecasts indicate that these previous trips did not allow the sensible man to reside permanently in Eurasia.
These early humans seem to have lived alongside other human species such as the early Neanderthals.
Rocks of March
After years of debate, European and American space agencies have completed their first major step towards the introduction of Mars rocks.
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NASA
In April, NASA and ESA signed a letter of intent that would contribute to the first "round trip" to another planet.
The project will allow scientists to start answering important questions about the history of Mars, especially if Mars has ever lived a kind of life. This will also allow geologists to start building accurate chronological events in the history of Mars.
In recent decades, US missions have contributed greatly to our understanding of the red planet.
But this can not be compared with the information that can be drawn from the study of rocks and soils of Mars with the scientific tools available in ground laboratories.
Plastic in the water
Plastic waste is becoming more prevalent in our daily lives, but it also extends to drinking water.
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Alice Trevail
A research conducted by Orb Media revealed that there were about 10 plastic particles per liter of bottled water.
In the largest survey of its kind, 250 bottles were tested in nine different countries. They found that almost all contained small plastic particles.
This year, researchers expressed concern over the high concentrations of plastics in Arctic ice.
Further research is needed on the effects of plastic particles on zooplankton, invertebrates, fish, seabirds and mammals, the scientists said.
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