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Prepared by: Abeer Hussain
Each year, man tries to decipher the mysteries of space, through probes swimming in the vast darkness of the universe, in search of his instincts, his components, his galaxies and his plains, and every time humanity uncovers a secret, it comes up against dozens of difficult mysteries that have hidden their keys, between black holes and dark energy. The difficulties of financing, sometimes the failure of certain missions, do not stop the development of the space sciences, become vast seas, serving the inhabitants of the blue planet before carrying them on the planets of the solar system.
This year deserves to be called "Year of the Mabras", which was launched towards Mars and the Moon and the asteroid "Ryugu", and the most important and most difficult to the sun, which will be able to approach it for the first time in the history of mankind.
This is the beginning of the most recent mission, which ended a year before its departure a few days ago, which is another achievement unique for humanity: China has successfully launched an unmanned vehicle allowing explore the hidden face of the moon for the first time in its history. The conquest of space.
The Chang-e-4 was launched with a Long March 3B rocket from the Xichang base in southwestern China.
"It's been 10 or 20 years since China systematically followed US and Soviet space projects in the 1960s and 1970s," said John McDowell of the Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Center. .
The dark face of the moon contains hollows and bumps, it is more bumpy than the visible face of the Earth and its crust is thicker and older. The Apollo 8 mission of 1968 is the only one to have taken pictures of the hidden side of the planet, called Moon Sailor, captured from and around the orbit and showing less seas of black basalt, resulting from the Volcanic lava, which appear clearly on the near side. The Chang & # 39; e 4 mission will constitute a new challenge for the development of the Chinese space program, which was successful in 2013 to pose Chang & # 39; e 3 probe on the Moon to collect data on its surface. The complexity of the new task is compounded by the difficulty of maintaining contact between the vehicle and the ground guiding team as the hidden face of the moon typically obscures radio communications. In May, Beijing launched a relay satellite called Kwik Yao. Between Earth and the Chang-e-4, which must land in the huge crater of Von Caraman, located 2500 km from the southern lunar pole. The exploration of this aspect of the moon will be the main task of the probe: it will compare what is detected with the known side close to the Earth. The advantage of this task will not stop at the discovery of unknown places, it will go much further, it is a new window on the evolution of radioastronomy.
US interest in the Moon in the administration of President Donald Trump should not only be explored, he must also establish a permanent colony over the next 15 years.
Last August, Parker embarked on a journey to the sun to reveal his secrets, carrying four cameras, trying to understand the heat of the sun, which exceeds 1 million degrees, and the causes of solar storms, in addition to the study heavy ions, take close-ups of the sun's surface to monitor closely.
During its seven-year mission, the probe will reach the Corona Corona region in the solar atmosphere and will monitor the nature of the forces behind a wide range of particles, energy and heat propagating in the atmosphere. the space towards the solar system. . Designed to withstand high and volatile temperatures, the vehicle is designed with advanced technology at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. In honor of physicist Eugene Parker, professor emeritus of the University of Chicago, the vehicle was equipped with a memory card containing over 1.1 million names, as well as photos of Parker and from a copy of His papers are 1958.
The crust of March
A few weeks ago, the world continued the successful descent of Insight on Mars after a 485 million kilometer journey, which failed in the Elysium Planta region for a mission of two years in Merichei to study the initial evolutionary processes The rock planets of the solar system during the last four million years all have the same origin, according to a process called "expansion" or "increase"; Insight's insights will allow us to better understand the size, density, and composition of the Martian center and crust, as well as the rate of heat loss from the planet, as well as determine the presence of seismic activity, size of the center of Mars and its solid or fluid nature.
The second objective of the mission is to study the geophysics of the red planet, tectonic events and the impact of the meteorological collision on its surface to help us understand the same processes that occur on Earth.
A few days after his arrival, Insight's very sensitive sensors were able to record "Mars sounds" in the first case of the Red Planet's invasion.
NASA has launched a sound recording of the sounds of the wind, considered a low "humming" or "gurgling", caused by vibrations caused by air on the surface of the planet.
In one of the ambitious scientific adventures began last October the vehicle "Baby Colombo" towards the planet Mercury. The vehicle is a joint venture of the European Space Agency and the Japan Space Agency, named after the Italian mathematician Giuseppe, whose research has contributed to the success of the Marine 10 mission. For decades, Mercury has not been of scientific interest because of its location near the sun. Its surface at 450 ° C) made it difficult for the spacecraft to approach and learn more about it.
The inability of humans to settle on the surface of the planet is scientifically proven to date, but the "Mercure" contains other secrets, the researchers are trying to explain the mystery, especially with regard to the turnover, Vmdreh represents about 176 days on Earth. The way it turns around its polar axis suggests to scientists that the surface of the planet is made up of a mixture of iron and molten sulfur. In 1974, Marines 10 provided the first important information on this subject.
The second task was for the master, who managed to capture images of ancient volcanoes and internal ice sheets. Hawk Hausmann, astrophysicist at the German Space Center, said: "The planet is very mysterious and has evolved over millions of years." "We knew by Masinger's mission in the northern half of the planet, and here lies the importance of Bibi Colombo, which will give us a clear view of the southern half of it up to # That our knowledge of Mercury is complete. "
The US-European mission includes two probes programmed to swim in space for seven years, crossing the flower and the sun before reaching the orbit of Mercury.
In order to discover the origin of the solar system and the formation of life on Earth, the JAXA managed to land in early October the unmanned spacecraft Hayabusa 2 on the surface of the asteroid Ryujo. The NASA spacecraft has been very popular, its Twitter account is tracking millions of people around the world.
Collision with the ground
A few days before the end of the year, Osiris Rex was able to reach the asteroid "Pino" 101955, "rich in carbon compounds for study, and then return a sample of its soil to Earth in 2023 The trip lasted two years, the first of its kind, NASA and the space systems Lockheed Martin and University of Arizona The probe managed to send its first image to Earth several days ago, after having landed progressively on the surface of the planet. Asteroid without landing.The diameter of Pino is between 480 and 511 meters and ends its cycle around the sun by several days at 436 604 and approaches the Earth every six years.It is likely to collide to the Earth between 2169 and 2199. Therefore, studying and understanding its orbit is a scientific question, so part of the probe's mission is to understand the effects of non-gravity (Yarkovsky's effect) on this asteroid, and can cause his collision with the Earth earlier than time calculated on the basis of the single gravitational factor.
On the other hand, asteroids are a "time capsule" or a "time wallet" that retains initial information about the stages of solar system formation, making it a good target for studies, especially Pino because it contains primary carbon-based materials (the most important element in the process of making organic molecules necessary for life; when these particles were discovered in samples of meteoroids and comets, indicating that some may form in space) and have not undergone major geological changes during their creation, so they are clbadified as a global group.
"Tess" sweeps the stars
Last spring, NASA launched the Tess satellite to badyze the Transiting Exoplanet Survey satellite, which will spend two years drying up 85% of the sky and hundreds of thousands of the brightest stars. Tess estimates the size of an electric washing machine and her task is to look in the stars for signs of frequent opacity, which means that the planets revolve around them. The successors of the mission hope to be able to check about 20,000 superfluous constellations, with more than 50 species believed to be the size of the Earth. We already know about 3,700 planets and 4,500 others on the list that have yet to be verified.
TESS will explore small rocky and glacial planets orbiting various types of stars and cover many tropical cycles, including rocky worlds in the habitable zones of their host stars.
"Voyager 2" .. Four decades of exploration of planets
The Voyager 2 flight was to last five years, but was extended by four decades. NASA announced a month ago that it would enter interstellar space and continue its journey to more than 18 billion kilometers from the Earth. 164 Travel between Mars and the Earth Forward and backward.
Ed Stone, co-founder of the Voyager project at the California Institute of Technology, said: "This is a very exciting time for the spacecraft, which began 41 years ago to explore the planets and then the atmosphere of the sun. Voyager 2 in 1977 had preceded by fifteen days the launch of Voyager 1. Their mission was to study for five years the planners of Saturn and the buyer, their continued effectiveness allowing them to work on the study of the planet. Uranus and Neptune, the two planets furthest from the solar system.The two probes carry a sound recording on a copper-plated copper disc containing sounds, images and expressions of welcome in several languages, reflecting the diversity of the life and cultures on Earth, in order to communicate with potential space objects that both probes might encounter.
Kepler discovered 70% of the outside worlds
"That changed the way we look at the night sky, he told us: the planets are everywhere." These influential words are part of Jesse Dutsen's "obituary" from the Ames Research Center in Moffitt Field, California, for the famous Kepler Space Telescope, which ended its long and unique trip in October. The ability to reorient itself to study cosmic objects or to transmit its data to the Earth.
Kepler is known for being a "hunter of stars and planets": he discovered 70% of the 3,800 external worlds experienced to date.
Kepler's developer, Bill Burke, waged a long war in the 1990s to convince NASA officials of the feasibility of the trip. He successfully launched the 2009 survey on a $ 900 million mission to explore Earth-like planets across the Milky Way galaxy. He quickly achieved spectacular success by studying nearly 150,000 stars at a time, which allowed him to discover 2,327 planets determined from the outside.
In 2013, the telescope began to face operational problems: its operators managed to hibernate it several times in an attempt to increase its operation until it was safe. ; steam. His mission officially ended in October.
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