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Mexico City. November 13, 2018 (Agencia Informativa Conacyt) .- An estimated 500 million people worldwide have diabetes, a figure that specialists believe could lead to the collapse of public health systems during the last decade. next decade.
In Mexico, according to the 2017 edition of Atlas of Diabetes, more than 12 million people have diabetes. Projections indicate that this figure will increase to more than 21 million by 2045.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that manifests itself when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is the hormone responsible for regulating the glucose present in the blood.
In 1991, the International Diabetes Federation and the World Health Organization (WHO) created World Diabetes Day to raise awareness of the causes, symptoms, treatment and complications of the disease. This will generate more awareness of this condition.
Since then, each year, countries come together to commemorate this day through a wide variety of activities. From this context, we present below the A to Z diabetes, what you need to know about the disease.
A. Alteration of fasting glucose
Blood glucose level above normal after fasting (usually after night fasting), but still below the threshold required for the diagnosis of diabetes.
B. Bouchardat is the family name of the French physician Apollinaire Bouchardat, considered the founder of diabetology, branch of medicine responsible for the study, treatment and prevention of diabetes and its complications.
Apollinaire Bouchardat participated in the development of diabetes treatments before the creation of insulin in 1922; In the mid-nineteenth century, the clinician emphasized the importance of obesity and sedentary life in the origin of the disease.
C. Diabetic complications
Diabetes is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the adult of producing age.
People with this condition are up to three times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease.
In addition, the incidence of kidney disease is 10 times higher in people with diabetes. It also represents a significant risk of developing colorectal cancer, according to data from the International Diabetes Federation.
The treatment of the disease requires a multidisciplinary approach: nutritionists, dentists, psychiatrists, ophthalmologists, chiropodists and diabetes educators, for example.
D. Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that occurs when blood contains high levels of glucose because the body stops producing or does not produce enough insulin, or does not use it effectively. All types of diabetes cause complications in various parts of the body and increase the risk of premature death.
E. World Epidemic
Diabetes is considered a global public health problem. The five countries with the highest number of people with diabetes are China (114.4 million), India (72.9 million), the United States (30.2 million) and Brazil (12.5 million). ) and Mexico (more than 12 million). The specialists' forecasts for 2045 indicate that these countries will experience a significant increase in the number of people with the disease.
In Mexico, 95% of cases of diabetes mellitus are type 2 and affect 9.2% of the adult population. Health experts estimate that about 50% of sufferers do not take the necessary steps to control it.
On the other hand, 50% of people with the disease do not know that they have it.
F. Risk Factors
Several factors predispose to the development of diabetes, some of which can be modified with an appropriate lifestyle.
• Family history of diabetes.
• you have a history of gestational diabetes.
• be overweight, especially abdominal obesity.
Sedentary.
• People with cardiovascular diseases.
• Be Latin American, African American, Asian or Caribbean.
G. Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis, also called delayed gastric emptying, is a disorder that slows or stops the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
Gastroparesis occurs when the vagus nerve is damaged by disease or injury and the stomach muscles stop functioning normally. This disease occurs in 5 to 12% of diabetic patients with the disease for at least 10 years.
H. Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia is the excessive rise in blood glucose levels and hyperinsulinemia is a condition in which insulin levels in the blood are higher than normal.
Hyperinsulinemia is caused by the overproduction of insulin in the body. The latter is related to insulin resistance. A person suffering from hypoglycemia feels nervous, shaky, weak or sweaty. You can also have a headache, blurred vision and hunger.
I. Babies
Worldwide, the number of infants and young children (aged 0-5 years) who are overweight or obese increased from 32 million in 1990 to 41 million in 2016. Mexico ranks at the forefront of goals related to childhood obesity. It is known that this disease causes the premature development of diabetes.
According to data from the International Diabetes Federation, in the countries of North America and the Caribbean, about 216,300 children and adolescents live with type 1 diabetes.
On the other hand, type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that usually occurs in the elderly. However, at present, it is becoming more common in children and adolescents.
J. Time difference (also called temporal decompensation).
The circadian clock allows the human being to anticipate day and night changes by regulating almost every aspect of his physiology and behavior. But the biological rhythm is increasingly compromised even by night work, jet lag, which would have an impact on the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Source: Science Daily
According to a study published in the journal Cell, the circadian clock directs and maintains appropriate rhythms in the endocrine and metabolic pathways necessary for homeostasis of the body.
K. Findrisk test
Known in Spanish as FINDRISC (Diabetes Risk Index in Finnish), it is a tool to detect the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
It has been designed for the Finnish population, but this questionnaire is currently used in several parts of Europe for dysglycemic and prediabetic patients.
L. Lipodystrophy and lipohypertrophy
Lipodystrophy (lipohypertrophy, lipoatrophy) is a complication resulting from an inadequate technique of injecting insulin subcutaneously. This can cause lipohypertrophy, an abnormal accumulation of fat, especially in the abdominal cavity.
Lipohypertrophy affects up to 50% of patients with type 1 diabetes.
M. Mortality
Estimates from the World Health Organization indicate that in 2017, every eight seconds in the world, a death associated with diabetes has occurred. It is women who die most of this disease or its complications. In Mexico, diabetes is the second leading cause of death.
N. Diabetic nephropathy or kidney disease
According to the American Diabetes Association, this disease can damage the kidneys and cause them to malfunction. When this happens, they lose their ability to filter waste, resulting in nephropathy.
The health costs of people with diabetes and clinical kidney disease are 50% higher than those who have diabetes alone.
O. Osteoporosis
People with diabetes are more susceptible to fractures. Some studies suggest that adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus do not reach maximal bone mass, which puts them at greater risk of fracture.
P. diabetic foot
Every 30 seconds, a person in the world loses a lower limb by total or partial amputation as a result of diabetes, according to data from the International Diabetes Federation.
Q. Kidney Cysts and Diabetes Syndrome (RCAD)
It is a syndrome characterized by early diabetes in the young adult, a rare non-diabetic kidney disease. Genital malformations and liver dysfunction are characteristic of this condition.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy affects one in three people with diabetes. It is considered the leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults, aged 20 to 65 years.
Diabetes control prevents 76% onset of diabetic retinopathy.
S. sexual health
Women and men with diabetes can develop sexual problems due to damage to the nerves and small blood vessels.
Men with diabetes are two to three times more likely to suffer from erectile dysfunction. According to Juan Carlos, a surgeon and sexologist, this disease affects the normal process of erection of the penis due to lack of blood in the cavernous body. It can affect sexual desire, lubrication, self-esteem and cause a feeling of rejection. .
Retrograde ejaculation is another problem associated with this condition, a condition in which sperm will flow into the bladder instead of coming out of the end of the penis during ejaculation.
Causes of sexual problems in women with diabetes include vaginal dryness, painful or uncomfortable intercourse, decreased sexual desire. According to information from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the United States, the latter may include an inability to arouse arousal, a lack of sensitivity, and a difficulty in reaching the target. Orgasm.
T. Types of diabetes
There are three main types of diabetes:
• Type 1: Usually occurs in children and young adults. This occurs when the pancreas produces very little or no insulin. The most common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, unintended weight loss, blurred vision, urinary incontinence, fatigue, and weakness. The causes that cause it are still unknown and, unlike type 2 diabetes, its appearance can not be prevented.
• Type 2: Most people with type 2 diabetes can produce insulin, but in insufficient quantities to allow the body to function properly. A healthy lifestyle can prevent its development. This disease occurs at any age, even during childhood, but more frequently in people of middle and older age. Family history of diabetes, overweight or obesity influences the development of the pathology.
• Gestational Diabetes: This is an alteration of glucose metabolism during pregnancy, which blocks the function of insulin, which is responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels, and usually occurs between weeks 24 and 28. pregnancy
According to the National Institute of Perinatology (Inper), 10% of pregnant women in Mexico will develop gestational diabetes. This condition is associated with complications such as preeclampsia, macrosomia, fetal or neonatal death, the birth of premature babies, or people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
U. Urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine. From time to time, when you cough or sneeze until you have a strong and sudden urge to urinate.
Having diabetes increases the risk of urinary incontinence. According to specialists, diabetic women run up to 70 and 90% more risk of developing urinary incontinence.
V. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
According to the American Diabetes Association, the use of certain anti-HIV drugs can increase the concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood and cause type 2 diabetes.
Wolfram Syndrome
It is a neurodegenerative disease described in 1938. Also known as acronym DIDMOAD, it is characterized by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus of childhood, progressive loss of vision caused by atrophy optics and deafness.
Almost all people diagnosed develop most of the complications of the disease and death usually occurs in the third or fourth decade of life.
X. Xylitol
Xylitol is a sweetener that is partially produced from plants such as birch. According to the article "Oral Health and Xylitol", its consumption reduces postprandial hyperglycemia and is considered useful in the control and prevention of obesity, diabetes and diabetes. other metabolic disorders.
In Mexico, young Mexican Javier Larragoiti Kuri has developed XiliNat, a sugar substitute based on xylitol for diabetic patients.
Y. Yo-yo
The yo-yo diet causes cyclic weight loss and body weight gain. In 2014, scientists at the Center for Biomedical Research on the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Spain, demonstrated that patients who regress their weight after dieting are more likely to suffer from insulin resistance and, along, develop diabetes mellitus.
Finally, to prevent this condition, health experts recommend 30 to 45 minutes of physical activity, at least three to five days a week, and avoid the consumption of sugary drinks and ultra-processed foods. Eat fruits and vegetables.
Z. Type Z diabetes
This type of diabetes is associated with pancreatitis, a prolonged inflammation of the pancreas that damages and fibrosis cells, deteriorates and affects their ability to produce insulin. It was described in 1987 among the indigenous population of South Africa.
María Catalina Álvarez Díaz
District trainer
005-CUM-2017
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