Reasons for the expansion of poverty in Arab countries

Economic policies in middle- and low-income Arab countries have resulted in low participation of the poor in the power structure of society. The power bias towards the rich and the poor has widened inequalities in all Arab countries.

The reasons for the spread of poverty are not only the scarcity of natural resources and the state's economic policies, but also the trends of the global economy and the external variables that affect or reduce the phenomenon of poverty. poverty. In particular, Arab governments have rapidly expanded their economic openness and responded to the globalizing climate that has prevailed in the global economy over the past two decades. The implementation of these policies has created new economic conditions that have contributed to the spread of poverty. Capitalism itself, when it applies its mechanisms, must produce factors of poverty.

In globalization, the eradication of poverty is very difficult. Since the mechanisms of globalization operate in a vast territory and societies are forced to adapt to new variables and realities, we must look for ways to control their side effects, which they call social safety nets. , generally related to these unfair economic policies.

Neoliberalism is the theoretical backbone of the discourse of international organizations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization, which attempt to shield the state from its role in the establishment of justice social. The implementation of the policies of these international organizations has doubled the benefits of the world's monopoly centers, leading to increased inequality and the reproduction of poverty in the Arab developing countries.

The results of the economic reform and income inequality programs in low-income countries are the opposite, while in high-income countries the opposite occurs, with the inequality gap narrowing.

The expansion of poverty in the Arab countries is partly explained by the adoption of neoliberal policies, without taking into account the realities and economic history of these countries. The solution to all this is due to the selectivity in the application of the principles of globalization, not necessarily to each Arab economy to follow theories and recommendations that are not in keeping with the course of social life.

The economy seeks to optimize the use of human and natural resources to maximize the well-being of society and meet its needs, eliminate poverty and invest scarce productive resources at the lowest cost, while maximizing the growth and growth of these resources so that society can produce more goods and services for society. It is clear from the disclosure of Arab countries' official international reserves in gold that the creditworthiness of each country depends on the extent to which they follow the gold and the monetary solvency ratio corresponding to the gold amount in accordance with the theory mentioned, note that the unit of quantity in millions of ounces is: Lebanon has a fixed reserve Since 1994, the highest amount in the Arab world was 22.9 million ounces followed by Algeria with 5.58 million ounces, followed by Libya and Saudi Arabia with roughly equal quantities of 4.60 million ounces. Mauritania and Yemen have no reserves for all Arab countries. The least possessed gold reserves

Regarding the list of exports and imports, which depends primarily on the ability of Arab countries to export oil, Arab countries rank first in Saudi Arabia, while all other countries with a positive attitude between exports and imports are Algeria, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Kuwait, Libya and Yemen. Countries importing more than their exports are Jordan, Tunisia, Sudan, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt and Morocco, with the largest gap between exports and imports being Mauritania and Somalia.

The Arab world is one of the countries that recently undertook studies of political economy as separate philosophies and ideas from previous studies and global ideas. This emphasis is therefore placed on the statement of Arab policies and the identification of controversial issues in the Arab decision-making process, as well as on the nature of leadership, which is the command of the interests of the people. These political philosophies are at the heart of the human, social and economic development of Arab countries.

In principle, we should know that there is no political model for Arab countries embodied in a particular Arab country similar to that of the Arab economy. We must methodically keep from generalizing any description or experience, even with regard to the knowledge and ideas of the Arab world, which has been realized during the century. The past has supposed a homogeneity between the countries of the Arab world and it is right to calculate the historical convergence and unity of language, heritage and religion, but if we approach the reality of the political day of political instability and tendency to prevail over the national interest and the weakness of Arab relations and the lack of national legislation with economic and political brio, which led to a state of fear and anticipation in Arab countries, in addition to the presence of external influences such as political subordination.

With a quick historical vision of the Arab countries before forming its contemporary entities, it was officially affiliated with the Ottoman Empire until the entry of colonialism in some Arab countries, such as the occupation. French of Algeria in 1835 and the English occupation of Yemen in 1839 and the establishment of British and French colonial protections in a number of other Arab countries. The English authorities concluded agreements with a number of sheikhs, sultans and princes of the South and the Persian Gulf until the beginning of the 20th century. France imposed a protection treaty with Tunisia in 1881 and with Morocco in 1912 and entered Sudan under the Anglo-Egyptian bilateral regime. In 1899, Italy occupied Libya in 1913.

After the First World War, only Syria, Iraq, Hijaz and parts of northern Yemen remained under Ottoman control. The English occupied Egypt for the second time in 1919. The English, the French and the Italians were applied to the overwhelming majority of the Arab world, and colonial rule over the Arab world lasted for a hundred years (1797-1920). The completion of the Arab state and the demarcation of its borders took at least half a century from 1920, this formation coincided with the consolidation of the mandate or agreements limiting its sovereignty with the colonial powers victors of the First World War, Great Britain and France,

For example, it continued from 1921 to 1939 in Iraq, from 1922 to 1936 in Egypt and Palestine, from 1922 to 1947 in Jordan, from 1923 to 1945 in Syria and Lebanon, as well as in other countries. other Arab countries. 1956, Sudan the same year, Kuwait and Algeria in 1962, South Yemen in 1967, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman in 1971.

The following shows the evolution of the regimes in the Arab countries:

1- Began to be influenced by European systems, the attempts of the Ottoman State to modify certain legislative texts, affected by the French and German legislations, especially after the promulgation of the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire in 1839 .

2. The emergence of the great Arab revolt resulting from the Arab national movement in the context of the conflict of the Ottoman Empire and which called for the creation of the Arab State, then the promulgation of constitutional provisions of the monarchy in Syria in 1920 and Palestine in 1921 and Egypt in 1923 and Iraq in 1925 and in the east. Jordan in 1928 and a number of laws in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, countries that had special relations with the United Kingdom or under its control, and other republican countries enacted republican laws such as laws of the countries of Damascus, Aleppo, the Druze Mountains, the Alawites and the Union of Independent States of Syria. The Syrian state, the Lebanese state under a regime The French mandate.

3. The Arab countries, Tunisia, Morocco, Syria and Lebanon were inspired by French legislation and applied directly by Algeria. In contrast, the Egyptian constitution was blended between the parliamentary and presidential systems after the establishment of the republican system, part of which was taken over from the Belgian constitution, just as the Syrian and Egyptian constitutions influenced Iraqi constitutional legislation. Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain and the Lahj Sultanate, the Sudanese constitution, with the exception of the 1973 constitution and the constitutions of 1998 and 2005, was inspired by English republican rule.

4 – At the beginning of Arab constitutional legislation, there were liberal attempts, but they only bore fruit during the era of revolutions and corrective movements and counter-coups, and deferred Arab constitutional provisions, especially after the Second World War, and made temporary and non-temporary judgments characterized by instability and judged by political leaders judged in all Arab countries The same republican system has adopted various principles, the majority has adopted the single ruling party system without adhering to traditional constitutional systems, with the exception of Lebanon (parliamentarian) or the president, while Arab countries endowed with a monarchy in the modern constitutional system and boring From the order of Moroccan mixture in the light of political pluralism.