Amani Yamani – Mecca

The year 2018 will be engraved in the spirit of future generations as it was marked by the discovery of cancer treatment by American and Japanese researchers: the invention of the Nobel Prize in Medicine was realized, while Canada has seen the emergence of the fastest camera in the world. Manchester City has revealed the world's largest computer. . The year 2018 has been marked by great scientific advances, as well as by a large number of discoveries and inventions that have transformed many fields of research and influenced everyday life. Scientists and researchers from around the world whole are constantly exploring and developing everything that can improve human life and develop new plans and directions for the future. "Mecca" has selected the most important scientific events of the year in the fields of archeology, sciences, medicine and technology, according to specialized scientific and research sites.

The effects

  • The discovery of the oldest weapons made from Chitt, discovered in North America between 13 500 and 15 500 years.
  • Declaring a default age of the Neanderthal's rib cage helps to better understand how this old human body moves and breathes.
  • The smallest monkey has been discovered and weighs about eight pounds. He lived 12.5 million years ago in Kenya and East Africa.
  • The oldest figurine, 52,000 years old, was found in the cave of Lobang Gergi Salé, on the Indonesian island of Borneo.
  • Finding evidence for a woman who lived 90,000 years ago and who is 13 years old called Dini at Denisova's cave, is a half-human man and a half-Densovan man, on the basis of his name. a genetic analysis.
  • The discovery of the oldest stone tools out of Africa in China is estimated at 2.12 million years.
  • Find evidence that contemporary men emigrated from Africa at least 194,000 years ago.

Medicine

  • All James B. Allison of the United States and Tasco Hongo of Japan won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of cancer treatment by inhibiting the regulation of negative immunity .
  • Discover 35 genes that qualify chronic kidney failure in scientists at the University of Manchester.
  • Launch of the Earth BioGenome Project, a 10-year global effort to sequence the genomes of 1.5 million animal, plant, parasite and fungal species on Earth.
  • The birth of two young girls, Lulu and Nana, as the first genetically modified children in the world to resist HIV.
  • Researchers at the University of Southern California have published details of a polio vaccine without refrigeration.
  • Confirm that omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with a history of heart disease or type 2 diabetes.
  • Researchers at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center discovered the first human papillomavirus fully developed from multi-stranded stem cells.
  • Production of genetically modified pigs against respiratory and swine syndrome, one of the most expensive animal diseases in the world.
  • Launch of a new 10-year genome project aimed at immunizing human cells against viral infection.
  • Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have developed a way to train the innate immune system to respond more effectively to diseases and inflammation.
  • The researchers tested a blood test or biopsy revealing eight common cancerous tumors with DNA linked to cancer and blood proteins.
  • Life expectancy slightly higher from here 2040 Spain exceeds Japan with a life expectancy of 85.8 years.
  • DNA studies of mitochondrial DNA showed that all animal groups, including humans, resulted from an expansion of the population that had started a year ago and 200,000 years ago.

Space

  • McMaster University has announced the development of a new technology called Planet Simulator, which will study the origin of life on Earth and beyond.
  • NASA has selected the Geyseru pit on Mars as the landing site for the March 2020 vehicle, which will be launched on July 17, 2020, and will land on Mars on February 18.
  • The discovery of one of the oldest stars in the universe dates to about 13.5 billion years ago, suggesting that the Milky Way galaxy could be older than 3 years ago. billions of years earlier than expected.
  • Find the GJ 699B, a super-Earth in orbit close to the Barnard star line six light-years away from Earth.
  • Insight probe landing successfully on the surface of Mars.
  • New Horizons revealed a "hydrogen wall" on the outer edges of the solar system, discovered for the first time in 1992.
  • Work began on the giant Magellan telescope in Chile, which is expected to be operational by 2024.

Technology

  • The fastest camera in the world, capable of capturing 10,000 trillion images per second, by the National Institute of Applied Sciences (INRS) in Quebec, Canada.
  • Researchers at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences (AIST) have unveiled a human robot model designed to perform strenuous work autonomously or in hazardous environments.
  • The largest computer in the world, operated by the University of Manchester, England.
  • The discovery of a security vulnerability called "Foreshadoo" affects Intel processors of PCs and third-party readers.
  • The Oak Ridge National Laboratory of the US Department of Energy reveals that this summit is the largest supercomputer in the world, with a peak performance of 200 trillion calculations per second.
  • MIT publishes the details of a new automated learning algorithm, the fastest 1000-fold recorded in brain imaging and other 3D images.
  • The artificial intelligence programs developed by Microsoft and Alibaba have outperformed humans in Stanford's reading and comprehension test.
  • Researchers from Imperial College London and Kings College London have published in the journal Science Report a study on the development of a new 3D technology allowing a more accurate impression of soft tissues, such as the lungs.

Physical

  • Physicists have pointed out that quantum behavior can be explained by the classical physics of a single molecule, but not for multiple particles as in quantum entanglement and its associated unlimited phenomena.
  • Arthur Ashkin of the United States, Gerard Moreau of France, and Donna Strickland of Canada received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their "pioneering inventions in the field of laser physics".
  • The 26th General Conference of Weights and Measures (GFCM) voted unanimously in favor of the revised definitions of basic international units proposed by the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM), which will enter into force on May 20, 2019 .
  • The latest book by physicist Stephen Hawking, entitled "Brief Answers to Big Questions".
  • The discovery of the world's most resistant platinum alloy is over 100 times greater than steel.

Environment

  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a report on global warming of 1.5 ° C and warned of rapid and far-reaching changes in all aspects of climate change. society, with the importance of keeping global warming below 1.5 ° C.
  • According to a United Nations assessment, the hole in the ozone layer is recovering faster than expected, half of the northern hemisphere ozone layer is expected to meet by 2030 , that of the southern hemisphere in 2050 and that of the polar regions in 2060.
  • The Amazon rainforest rate has reached its highest level in 10 years, with 7,900 square kilometers destroyed between August 2017 and July 2018 due to illegal logging.
  • A study in the journal Science suggests that PCBs can halve the number of killer whales in the most polluted areas in the next 30 to 50 years.
  • A study by the University of Illinois that solar panels and wind turbines in deserts have a significant impact on rainfall, vegetation and temperature, which increases the greenery of the region.
  • The National Geographic Intelligence Agency is launching a high-resolution map of the Antarctic terrain called the Antarctic Reference Height Model.
  • The interpretation of the phenomenon of the glow of the sky as an aerial light phenomenon that comes in the form of a ray of green and green light in the sky is different from twilight and is not related to the disintegration of particles (electrons or ions).
  • Unknown emission warnings somewhere in East Asia for CFC-11 gas banned for damage to the ozone layer.
  • Detection of 800 million viruses, mostly of marine origin, is deposited daily by the atmosphere on every square meter of the planet's surface as a result of the worldwide virus flow.