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Our hosts harbor about 100,000 billion germs, collectively called the microbial intestinal flora, the microbial assembly of the digestive tract. The composition of these microbial assemblages varies from person to person. The diversity of bacteria in the intestine is influenced by genetic factors, environmental factors, food systems and lifestyle.
Researchers have recently discovered differences in the composition of microbial groups in the gastrointestinal tract of obese and overweight people and, based on the results of their research, have developed individual treatments for weight control.
There are many differences in genetic makeup that could make us more prone to obesity and thus increase our risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
Studies on twins have shown that genetic factors contribute 40-70% to our increased risk of obesity, as well as environmental factors. Scientists have discovered that there are many differences in the composition of bacterial clusters in the intestine that affect body weight.
You may notice that some people follow a strict diet, but their weight is almost negligible compared to other people who follow the same diet, perhaps because of bacteria that colonize their intestines and enzymes that They carry.
"The bacteria that live in our intestines digest some parts of the food without the necessary enzymes, but this process generates extra calories," said Borna Kashyap, assistant professor at Mayo Clinic and head of the intestinal bacteria laboratory. "Bacteria provide us with more energy than they produce as food."
Kashyap has conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of intestinal bacteria in the production of calories from low calorie foods. This is helpful in the case of insufficient food, but this can hinder weight loss.
Kashyap participated in a study of 26 participants who followed a low-calorie diet. The researchers found that some participants did not lose a lot of weight compared to others. They discovered after analyzing the bacterial composition in the gut of the differences between the proportions of two types of specific bacteria, one of the bacteria, "Deliester", which inhibits weight loss.
Bacteria in the body of those who did not lose weight were more effective at breaking down carbohydrates and extracting energy from them, Kashyap explains. "It's not surprising that bacteria are an obstacle to losing weight, but their effect is not great because they only produce a few calories."
Another study concluded that some bacteria produced by diets could lead to increased weight by altering the behavior of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
The researchers analyzed blood and stool samples from 600 volunteers, half obese and half hemophilic, and found a link between four types of intestinal bacteria and 19 types of metabolites known to contribute to weight. Glutamate and amino acids with a branched chain, which increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
According to Louise Brunkwell, one of the study's researchers, meat consumption can result in high levels of chain amino acids, as they are usually found in animal-derived products .
Olof Pederson, professor of genetic metabolic disorders at the Novo Nordisk Center of the University of Copenhagen, said that differences in the composition of intestinal bacteria clusters in obese and obese people were still unclear. But all we know now is that it's important to maintain bacterial diversity in the gut.
Pedersen and his team analyzed intestinal bacteria in a group of obese and obese adults and found that those with less varied intestinal bacteria were more likely to be obese, their glucose and lipid levels were high and that they also observed an increase in inflammatory signs. All of this increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Scientists still do not know the causes of the increase in bacterial diversity in the intestine in some people, but claim that antibiotic treatment removes many bacteria that live in the intestines and that are not free. it is impossible to restore bacterial diversity to its previous level.
There is evidence that microbial assemblages in the intestine can affect the metabolism. A high fiber diet helps to increase bacterial diversity in the intestine. Anna Valdez, Assistant Professor at the University of Nottingham, explains Anna Valdez, my colleague, who breaks down the fiber we eat and turns it into short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, thinner and resistance to it. inflammation.
"If people with type 2 diabetes follow a high-fiber diet, they could help keep blood sugar levels at normal levels and increase the production of short-chain fatty acids," she said. .
But the results of scientific research on the relationship between weight and intestinal health have so far been linked to the weight loss of a bacterium called Christensina. About 97% of people have this type of bacteria in the intestines, but it is more interesting to be relieved.
These bacteria are part of genetically transmitted species. It was discovered in microbial clusters of people all over the world, early in life, in the intestines of infants.
The researchers prepared various bacteria, usually present in the intestines of the obese, and then added Christensella bacteria, which implanted them in the intestines of mice and observed that they prevented weight gain.
Gillian Waters, who participated in the research team that discovered the ability of this bacterium to prevent weight gain, says that this genetic factor is one of the reasons for the presence of this bacteria in the body. # 39; bowel, but we do not know yet other reasons that increase the chances of his presence. But researchers are now exploring its role in the gut and its source, perhaps helping them produce treatments for obesity.
At the same time, researchers at the Weizmann Institute in Israel have discovered a way to develop a treatment to improve bowel health and reduce the risk of diabetes, so that it is suitable to each individual.
The researchers asked 1,000 participants to measure blood glucose every five minutes by recording their diet and sleep pattern, as well as their state of health for one week. They also noted differences in the response of each organism to different foods.
"It's known that foods containing sugar immediately increase blood sugar, but we note that the high sugar level after consuming sugar varies from person to person," said Eran Segal. .
"For example, tomatoes can increase blood sugar levels in some people so they need to be careful when ingested.A type of food can have negative effects on some people as well. it is eaten alone, but it does not cause the same effects if it is mixed with another food.
The researchers developed algorithms based on the information collected, analyzed the composition of bacteria in each person's intestine, and then discussed the effect of different foods on blood sugar. They asked 25 participants to eat foods known to help control blood sugar for a week and then eat foods that could raise blood sugar. The diet altered their body's reaction to foods containing sugars and managed to keep sugar levels within normal limits.
Seagal says that bacteria in our intestines and the body's response to sugars can change over time. Sigal is currently studying the effectiveness of long-term diets designed by individual algorithms in the treatment of people with diabetes and exposed to diabetes.
"We are now trying to understand the effect of intestinal bacteria on the interactions that occur in the human body and lead to obesity and diabetes, which are complex and cause many factors. structure of the microbial assembly in the intestine and contribute to the treatment of obesity. "We have no doubt that the combination of microbial clusters in the digestive tract will play a major role in the treatment of 39; obesity. "
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