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With the start of the so-called "Arab Spring" in late 2010 and early 2011 in Tunisia and then in Egypt and Libya before reaching Yemen and Syria, the "discontented" groups around the world turned to these revolutions to encourage them to change; in China, activists have called for the "yasmin revolution" The "Tunisian revolution" and Singapore, which is among the most stable in Southeast Asia.
Millions of Arabs from five countries took to the streets in late 2010 and early 2011, from Tunisia to Egypt, passing through Libya, Yemen and finally Syria demanding the reversal of "authoritarian" regimes and the launching of a democratic process of power management through the ballot box, with the aim of marking the end of the Middle East system. A new environment that this time is being painted by peoples rather than superpowers.
The revolutions of the Arab Spring did not come from nothing, but were a natural product of the changes observed in the world in terms of the economic recession and the degradation of the standard of living, and the regional aspects of the lack of political freedoms and the excessive repression of authoritarian regimes against their peoples.
On the other hand, the Arab political space in general has become a unified situation after the opening of knowledge and ease of communication via social media, as well as the potential for popular mobilization in large circles in record time, have allowed the spread of protest movements from Tunisia to Egypt and other countries.
However, internal and external factors turned the revolutions of the Arab Spring into internal civil wars, resulting in Tunisia and Egypt surviving, while Syria, Yemen and Libya were submerged, countries still suffering from internal armed conflicts that do not seem to emerge in the near future.
The "revolutions" have not resulted in new democracies conforming to recognized standards: it can be said that Tunisia has succeeded to a certain extent, while a "military coup" has taken place in Egypt and that Libya, Yemen and Syria have fallen into internal armed conflict. Wars "in the name" of regional and international parties in the three countries.
The Gulf states have created a new reality in the region, divided between supporters and supporters of the revolutions and forces of political Islam that have dominated his general scene, such as Qatar, and fearful, such as the l? Saudi Arabia, and against it and supporting so-called counter-revolutionary forces, such as the United Arab Emirates.
After the "revolutions" of the Arab Spring and what it has produced from the new regional system, whether in terms of political construction or collective awareness, or by tightening alliances of local forces in the region and its relations with regional and international powers directly involved in a number of "Revolutions" countries, Syria, Libya and Yemen.
External interference plays a major role in the chaos, divisions and internal conflicts that led to Libya, for example, degenerating into internal civil war after the parties failed to put in place a balanced political process after the overthrow of the Gaddafi regime and the multiplicity of local parties aspiring to take power with external support to this party against this party.
In the countries of the five revolutions of the Arab Spring, regional and international interventions have been resolved either by slipping into wars and internal armed conflicts, or by removing "revolutions" from their goals.
In Tunisia, the external factor played a role in what could be described as a "coup d'etat" led by the former regime supported by the UAE, mainly on the system of Political Islam led by the Nahdha movement, the Tunisian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, whose instability was characterized by assassination. The "secular" leaders opposed the regime in place (Shukri Belaid and Mohammad Ibrahimi), as well as the declining standard of living and the inability to ratify the constitution before the end of the first parliament's term after the revolution.
In Libya, the Libyan "revolution" after eight years turned the Libyan state into a "failure" in line with international standards, characterized by a state of social division in a society based on "tribal" cohesion.
Egypt and the United Arab Emirates supported the Karama forces led by Major General Khalifa Hafter against the Shura Council, which represents the political Islam movements supported by Turkey and Qatar.
The "devastating" repercussions of the foreign worker arose only after years of civil war, during which Libya is about to describe "the failed state".
In Syria, the Arab parties attempted to reiterate the situation in Libya by intervening with forces opposed to the Syrian regime in order to rid Syria of the Iranian hegemony and restore the regional balance in favor of the Arabs after years of supremacy in favor of Iran.
However, the Arab parties realized that the repetition of the Libyan situation in Syria was not so easy after the failure of the UN Security Council resolution to intervene militarily to bring down the regime, sparking support from the United States. anti-regime forces and arming them to fight and topple him.
Foreign interference in Syria provoked a civil war that killed hundreds of thousands of people and caused widespread destruction in most Syrian cities, as well as making the country a battleground for regional and international conflicts. solving problems, gaining and strengthening influence.
In Egypt, which has survived to a certain extent the internal armed conflict, foreign aid, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have been largely ousted from the European Union by former President Mohamed Morsi, representative of political Islam supported by Qatar.
In Yemen, the Yemeni "revolution" has resulted in the worst humanitarian crisis in the region and the world for decades, leaving at least 8 million people in need of urgent humanitarian assistance to get them out of the famine cycle .
The situation in Yemen may not allow radical changes in the entire political system to the point of completely overthrowing the old regime because of its characteristics different from those of other countries, Syria and the United States. Libya, who have experienced armed conflict because of the wave of the "Arab Spring".
Yemen is already vulnerable to the fragility of state-building, which is due to the nature of social, tribal and sectarian structures and the difficulty of undermining tribal or sectarian power.
The situation in Tunisia and Egypt can be seen as a reaction to the political Islam movements of the secular forces in Tunisia, the dominant forces in the Tunisian street and the "deep state" forces in Egypt, represented by the leaders of army, which have received the support of the "laity" for their movement. "And the route of the Egyptian street between June 30 and July 3, 2013.
Egypt continues to suffer the repercussions of the "coup d'état" movement of 30 June 2013 with further repression of political freedoms and failures, as well as the deterioration of the standard of living and living conditions. 39 Other cases and phenomena of public discontent related to the continuation of the war against extremist organizations in the Sinai Peninsula, which is widely accepted Widely exploited by the authorities to settle accounts with liabilities.
The proliferation of protest movements in 2011 convinced many countries, including Jordan, Morocco, the Gulf States, Mauritania, Sudan and others, that the spark of demonstrations could be transmitted to their country at any time.
The domestic security concerns of these rich countries partly explain the tendency to support the economies of countries where the signs of the protest movement, such as the Sultanate of Oman, which has received emergency economic assistance from the Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Asia, show internal changes that strengthen the power cohesion, Mohammed bin Salman, Minister of Defense and other key positions, saying that Asia has allowed radical changes in the economic sector and social openness; and a wider external role in regional conflicts.
The record of eight years of "revolutions" in the Arab Spring shows that the entire Middle East region suffers from a situation in which a number of countries are approaching "bankrupt" countries, including the "Five Revolutions". who suffer from crises of political instability, security disorders and absence or absence. The true democratic mechanisms in the transfer of powers by the factor of external interventions rather than by internal or internal factors.
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