[ad_1]
On this day, July 16, 1969. At 09:32 am local time (13:32 GMT), a Saturn V rocket carrier was launched from the Kennedy Space Center. At the top of this rocket was Apolo 11 in which they sat: Nil Armstrong (Commander of the Mission), Michael Collins (Pilot Command Module) and Edwin Eugene & # 39; Buzz & # 39; Aldrin (lunar module driver).
Apollo 11 left on a "short" path. The next stop was the moon! This was the first of a series of flights that will bring some of our planet's inhabitants into another unknown world.
After Four Days of Travel July 20, 1969 (at 20:17 GMT) On the speakers of Mission Control in Houston, a short message from Nile Armstrong, who said "" ] Eagle lands " was heard, which meant that the lunar module of the eagle was successfully reaching the surface of the moon.After landing Apollo 11 on the surface, Nil Nil Armstrong came out of the module and stood on the surface of the Moon, with the familiar words:
"It's a small step for a man, but great for humanity." 19659002] walks on the surface of the Moon.He became the first man who walked on the surface of another celestial body .After him, Edvin Oldrin came out.The third astronaut remained in command module on orbit
Astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the surface of the Moon (Credit: Nil Armstrong / NASA)
All To this day, N. Armstrong and E. Aldrin have been on the Moon's surface "Afternoon" at about 18h, after about 22 hours on the surface of the Moon "ignited" the lunar module motors and returned to orbit. in the control module was expected by Michael Collins ready to connect them to a long way to Earth.
Apollo 11 landed in the waters of the Pacific Ocean on July 24.
The astronauts on Earth, in remembrance, brought about 21.5 kg of material to the surface of the Moon while on the surface of the Moon left the "Moon". Mission emblem Apolo 1, a steel plate with an image of the East and West. the country's hemisphere, the three astronauts and R. Nixon, an olive-tree model, gold, as a symbol of peace and a disc carrying the message of several former US presidents and 73 presidents of countries of the world, signed
49 years of experience
The retroreflector set by the crew of Apollo 11
Before returning to Earth, the crew of & # 39; Apollo 11 on the surface of the Moon set up a special mirror (retroreflector) . The retroreflector was installed in the Sea of Silence, where it is still today. This started one of the longest physical experiences in history (but not the longest). After Oldrina and Armstrong, the mission of astronauts Apolo 14 (February 1971) and Apola 15 (July 1971) set up three other retroreflectors
The goal of this scientific experiment was to measure the distance of the Moon with lasers ( going, LLR ). The experience is still going on. The task of these special mirrors is simple – it is necessary to "only" return the light to the source at the same angle from which light has arrived.
Moonlight retro reflectors consist of 100 rounded cubes of molten silicon (10 × 10 matrix) placed in 45 cm 2 aluminum plates. Each rounded silicone cube has a diameter of 3.8 cm. The reflectors are too small to be seen from the Earth, which means that even when the Earth's laser air is tuned to the Moon's reflector, targeting the target is a challenge. Once the laser beam reaches the reflector on the Moon, observatory scientists use sensitive filters and detection equipment
Lunokhod
With this experiment, scientists establish the exact distance between centers of the Earth and the Moon. it was only in the thirteenth decade. In addition to the distance, the experiment gave new data on the dynamics and structure of the Moon. A confirmation has been received that the moon has a fluid core, and that it is 3.8 cm per year from the Earth. In addition, the gravitational constant has been determined with a precision of 100.000.000.000.000 decimals
In these years, the USSR launched missions Luna 17 (1970) and Luna 21 (1973) on the Moon. These missions brought down on the surface a lunokhod rover, which also contained retro reflectors with the same task. Lunkkhod 1 worked successfully at the beginning, during the maneuver phase on the surface, but after that, he lost all trace. It was only in April 2010, with the help of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunkkhod 1 was again found and returned to function
Today there are three retroreflectors which mounted the crews of Apollo 11, 14 and 15, two who regularly positioned the Lunkkhod rover 1 and 2.
Positions of retroreflectors on the surface of the Moon [19659019] Location of the Apolo mission map. (Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Center)
Apolo 11 – 40 years later
While the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11 has landed around the world, photographs are arrivals . The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter cameras sent snapshots of Apollo 11, 14, 15, 16 and 17 landing sites.
These early photographs were not of the highest quality because LRO was not yet in the best position to shoot, but NASA was a little in a hurry to get the images to mark the anniversary of the first landing on the moon. Although the first published photographs were not the maximum resolution, the quality was sufficient for to clearly see the remains of the lunar modules Eagle (Apolo 11), Antares (Apolo 14), Falcon (Apolo 15 ), Orion (Apolo 16) and Challenger (Apollo 17). The Apollo 12 module was not recorded at the time, but due to technical problems, Apollo 13 returned to Earth without landing
A few years later, March 2012, the LRO orbiter ( Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter New photos from the site of the Apolo 11 mission These photographs were taken from a height of 24 km above the square that Apollo 11 landed and walked by Nil Armstrong and Baz Oldrin in July 1969.
The lunar landing site Eagle, which Apollo 11 "was driving" to the Moon (Credits: NASA Goddard / Arizona State University)
The "white spot" on the photographs is which comes from the part of the lunar module that has remained on the surface of our neighbor, to the right of the module is its shadow. module is about 4 meters, and at the time of filming, the sun was low on the horizon.The sites Landing were chosen so that there is no big rocks, there is no doubt that it is a photograph of the remains of Apollo 11.
Lunar module Apollo 14, Antares.
Antares Lunar Module and Traces of Activity
The first pictures of Apollo 15, 16 and 17 appear (as of 2009) were much poorer resolutions, but the photo of the location Apolo 14 brought something of interest. In this photograph, besides the lunar module and its shadow, there are also traces of human activity on the surface of the Moon . Since the lunar module, there remains a trace after the movement of the astronaut. Somewhere near the end of this track, the remains of the equipment are also visible. Someone will probably wonder how it is possible that the traces on the surface remain intact for several decades. The reason is the difference in conditions on the Moon and on Earth. The moon does not have atmosphere, so there is no wind or anything that would ruin the tracks left behind. If a meteorite does not fall, which would damage the surface, traces of all human activity on the surface will remain forever.
You can learn more about the captured photos, the LRO mission, as well as many photos here and there.
However, today, almost 50 years later, there are still those who believe that the fall of a man is a big scam and that the number of connoisseurs of the photo processing program is increasing, the number of proofs increases.
Frequent are those who present various proofs in favor of their claim and prove that all the walk through the moon is recorded in a studio or a desert on Earth. In the conservative conspiracy, theories encircle stories of various evidences that defy the descent of man on the moon. All of these claims can be reduced to several types of evidence and they all have one trait in common – an interpretation of the image based on the experience of the Earth.
This is exactly the way of interpretation which is the fundamental mistake of conspiracy theories. The simple fact that the events recorded on the images are not what the conspirators describe is often only a confirmation that the recording was not made on Earth but on the Moon. but let's go back.
The man did not land on the moon. It's a big lie!
Before analyzing facts based on the natural sciences, ie. physics and astronomy, the social and political situation of this period should be analyzed.
In the period of forty years ago, the Cold War between the USSR and the United States lasted a long time. Cosmic projects have been one of the most important manifestations of power. The USSR sent the first satellite and the first man in space. NASA was in a big gap. The eyes of all the scientific and political public were turned towards the Moon, and the question of who would be the first would be the fundamental motive of research and work
To avoid the problems of proof of their entry into the world. universe, the Russians installed a radio transmitter on Spunjik. which broadcast a simple and periodic BIP BIP. The task of this transmitter was to prove to all, without a doubt, that the Supnick was up there. Similarly, by sending the first man in space, NASA ignored these two battles, but this third, and most importantly for many, had to win. The worst thing that could have happened is to get up and not to believe in the USSR
Apolo 11 flew, landed on the moon, the astronauts came back and the USSR congratulated for the success and never expressed doubt about the landing success. There was an authentication method, radio antennas and receivers pointed to the moon, followed by signals that were traveling through and out of the Earth, known, and lesser-known spy satellites were doing their job, analyzing the samples that were being taken. They brought. Nothing has pointed towards manipulation.
Russia has acknowledged defeat in the race of the Moon. There was enough evidence to convince them during the Cold War, and none of the only evidence to cast doubt on authenticity.
Why did not they come back?
As you saw in the previous part of the text, Apollo 11 was not the only one on the moon. Apollo 11 – 21 h 38 min
Apollo 12 – 31 h 31 min
Apollo 11 – 21 h 38 min in each of these missions on the Moon: Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17. Apollo 14 – 33 h 31 min
Apollo 15 – 66 h 54 min
Apollo 16 – 71 h 2 min
Apollo 17 – 75 h
Total of 299 hours and 36 minutes. Each mission from takeoff to landing lasted approximately 8 days. During missions, there is almost always a radio connection with the Earth. Everyone listened a lot, asked for errors, and recorded and analyzed. In particular, the USSR, I have already said, found nothing suspicious, so they wanted to find it! About 102 km from the surface of our neighbor were explored and about 400 kg of stones and dust were brought. All this still exists and is kept in various archives.
Conspiracy theorists still analyze only one – a video of Nile Armstrong that will jump to the surface of our neighbor and nothing more. This image is only a negligible part of a set of data broadcast over a radio link or brought back to Earth. The greatest number of conspirators of conspiracy theory have ever even heard of the existence of other data.
Why are they not departures? There was no reason to do it. The Russians have been defeated, there was nothing that could be used above, and everything costs a lot. The Apolo program was suspended
Today, more than 45 years after the end of the Apolo program, there are several reasons to return to the moon. The next logical next step is to establish a permanent base with a human crew on the surface. The moon is not far, three days away, but the trip is very expensive.
This may seem odd compared to the costs of the 1960s and 1970s, when the Apolo program was created and when everything worked, but not everything is simple. . NASA's current budget for 2018 is about $ 19.5 billion, for the next 2019, it is expected something more – $ 19.9 billion. Although it works like a lot of money, this money is spent today for a lot of different missions and programs (eg, James Webb Space Telescope, Space Kaunch System, Sun Exploration, Jupiter, Mars , asteroid belt, Kuiper belt and many others). Comparisons for the US military budget rise to $ 600 billion a year. At the same time, NASA's budget is significantly lower than that of the Apolo program. In 1965, NASA allocated 4% of the state budget, so that in the past few decades this estimate has dropped to 1%, while in the last 15 years the percentage has gone down to 0.4%.
Without good motivation and political will Due to a malfunction of the horizontal rod, the flag worn by Apollo 12 had a different shape
This flag is a typical example of terrestrial thought without knowing it. or ignoring elementary physics (in particular: Newtonian law). The assertion that the flag can not be fierce because there is no air, and so the wind, is not only wrong, but completely contrary to reality! Elemental physics says that such flag behavior is only a confirmation that the conditions are different from those on Earth.
Our daily experience tells us that the flag we are laying is and does not hurt if there is no wind. gravity is 6 times larger than the moon. This air, which, as our everyday experience says, is at the origin of the flag that the fog creates resistance to the slowdown at the same time. he stiffens the movement. There is no air on the moon, so there is nothing to slow the movement of the flag. At the same time, there is Newton's law, the law of inertia – every body moves uniformly until another body or force forces it to change that state. . We have seen another body, that is, there is no air and there is nothing to stop this movement. In the void, everyone moves much more easily and faster than in the air. Remember the aerodynamics, shapes of airplanes and cars – all this in order to reduce the resistance of the air. E, there is no Moon on the Moon, so each key of the flag is transferred in a big movement.
Remember the teachings of the famous Aristotle on the fall of the body. Aristotle entered exactly the same logic and argued that the heavier bodies fell faster than the lighter ones. This advice lasted for centuries, then Galileo came, "cast" Aristotle and bullets from the wrong tower in Pisa and showed that all bodies fall into emptiness in the same acceleration.
It's a strange void, he just likes to confuse people. And just a lack of gravity. How much easier and cheaper it would have been that gravity on Earth is six times lower than it is
The angle of shadow shows only artificial light sources were used
Did you know that one day on the Moon lasts much longer than Earth, only 28 days of the earth! As in the previous case, our experience does not allow us to interpret the sunrise and sunset on the moon. For us, the day lasts 24 hours and we therefore interpret the movement of the Sun and the shadow. The moon is much longer. All landings and the entire stay of the astronaut were carried out by the time the moon was in the morning. The sun was low in the horizon, and the shadows were elongated and different from those we encountered each day. The Apollo missions totaled 32,000 photographs. Some photos circulating on the internet have been used to merge and create panoramas, and it is already normal that the chandelier falls from different angles. If you do it on Earth, you can have the same people in two places.
Stars do not see the stars
What's wrong? It is normal that the stars are not visible. If you wait for the stars in each night photo, then you too often watch American movies (low fat). During normal shooting, the star is too small to leave a mark on the movie. The same thing happens with photographs taken on Earth or at the orbital station. If you want the stars on the photo, you have to shoot in a special way, and such pictures of the moon were not needed.
There is, of course, the Sun. Do you see stars during the day? Of course not.
High temperatures would damage the film
Another misconception on earth. There is no air in the universe, so nothing can transmit heat. The temperature on the sunny side is high, but the temperature in the shade is several times lower. A few hundred degrees below and above zero. One of the reasons for landing at sunrise is that the weather is cooler on Earth and on the moon because the rays fall at a lower angle.
Moreover, the temperature is the same on the Moon and in orbit around the Earth. Simply, the cameras must remain hidden from the sun
The imprint is false or why there is no crater after takeoff
These two "proofs" are based on the same error. There is no point in talking about sand tracks ("conspirators" often work) because sand is not a proper description of the dust on the moon. In addition, what is below this dust is forgotten. If you walk on the beach behind you, deep footprints remain. You are on Earth, the gravity is 6 times stronger, the layer of sand is thick. If during the walk you get to the part of the beach where there is a rock under the sand, the footprints are not the same. The depth of the print depends on the thickness of the sand above the wall. The analogous situation is on the Moon
Under the dust of the moon there is a solid wall. Each print module, foot or lung can pass through the dust, but through the wall, no matter. The surface of the moon is strange for something else. There is no wind there, so an impression will remain for years, decades, centuries, more precisely until there is a moon or no meteorite.
Oxygen is responsible for the absence of flames when the lunar module is removed. nonexistent. For combustion and flames, air is needed (oxygen) when it is not there – there is no flame, but that does not mean that it is not There is no combustion or thrust.
Who recorded the flight? . It's probably one of the funniest proofs. They fired at the engineers who were sitting in Houston and operated with an automatic camera on the moon. If at that time they knew the remotes, remember the previous missions in which there were no people.
This photo shows … (add to your wish)
This proof has come true in recent years. Often, someone throws high resolution photos and claims that proof. Another funny proof. Apply the Okam blade, which says "from two explanations for the same thing, it's exactly what is the simplest." Is it easier to assemble 32,000 photos, about 300 hours of radio communication, 400 kg of material given or some photos?
I do not remember anymore … ?
…. add as needed, but before doing so, go through the physics textbook for elementary school. Apparently, the answer to your evidence is there.
Apollo 15: Hammer and Feather on the Moon
Finally, remember a simple experiment that shows how many conditions on the Moon are different and how much our intuition is wrong in the interpretation of Other worlds and the simplest laws of physics.
It has long been thought that heavier bodies fall faster than light bodies, but Galileo has shown that bodies of different masses fall at the same speed into the gravitational field. Many are probably the famous legend of the bad turn in the cat and Galileo who makes experiments, but even today more than 400 years later, many still do not believe it.
Apollon 15 mission astronauts on this video from the surface of the Moon experiment – organize a race between the feathers and the hammer. Who do you think will win?
