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Thousands of people staged protests across Poland after the country's president, Andrzej Duda, signed in law against the law.
The European Union, human rights groups and opposition parties in Poland said Law and Justice (PiS) party undermined judicial independence and democracy.
Crowds gathered outside the presidential palace in Warsaw chanting "shame". Many held candles and pens, looking to Duda's readiness to sign. They shouted "break the pen" and "You will go to prison".
Similar protests took place in both cities and towns across Poland.
The PiS party said an overhaul was needed to make the courts more efficient and eradicate the influence of Poland's communist past.
"Without [judiciary] reforms, we can not rebuild the Polish state so that it serves its citizens," said Jaroslaw Kaczyński, the leader of the Eurosceptic party which combines left-leaning economics with nationalist politics.
Earlier this month, 22 supreme malgorzata Gersdorf has not yet expired until 2020.
The latest amendment, which was passed by the upper house of parliament, this week, has been designed to make it easier to name the new supreme court head
Since PiS won power in 2015, dozens of judgments have been effectively dismissed from the constitutional court, the national judiciary council, which decided on judicial appointments and the supreme court.
New appointments have been used in the past, where the Court has a majority, greater say over the courts and the government more control over judges
The European commission has been running an unprecedented rule of law investigation and has opened several separate legal cases against Poland, the largest former communist state, including some over the supreme court.
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