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This NASA / ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the positions of past (1995, top left), current (2014, bottom right) and predicted (mid-2015, center) appearances of the Refsdal supernova behind the galaxy cluster MACS J1149 + 2223.NASA, ESA, S. Rodney and the FrontierSN team; T. Treu, P. Kelly and the GLASS team; J. Lotz and the Frontier Fields team; Mr. Postman and the CLASH team; and Z. Levay
Throughout the universe, matter and energy curl the fabric of space, with dramatic consequences.
An illustration of the gravitational lens shows how background galaxies – or any path of light – are distorted by the presence of an intermediate mass, such as a cluster of galaxies in the foreground. The analogy with the "structure of space" is only an analogy and has no physical meaning, but curved light paths are verified by the loneliness. ;observation.NASA / ESA
The masses are mainly concentrated in quasars, large individual galaxies and huge galaxy clusters.
HE0435-1223, located at the center of this large field image, is one of the top five lentil quasars ever discovered. The galaxy in the foreground creates four almost uniformly distributed images of the distant quasar that surrounds it.ESA / Hubble, NASA, Suyu et al.
With enough mass, a sufficiently deformed space makes the light move on several paths and reaches the same destination.
Six examples of strong gravitational lenses discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope. Arches and ring structures are able to probe both dark matter and general relativity by reconstructing the mass and mass distribution and comparing it to the observed background light.NASA, ESA, C. Faure (Center for Astronomy, University of Heidelberg) and J.P. Kneib (Marseille Astrophysics Laboratory)
These masses behave like gravitational lenses, creating multiple enlarged and stretched images of stars and galaxies in the background.
The galaxy pictured here by Hubble, UZC J224030.2 + 032131, does not have five distinct components, but merely constitutes the diffuse central light source. The four surrounding lights are due to bending and stretching of the space due to the gravitational lens. They produce the "Einstein Cross" shown here. This image is probably the sharpest Einstein cross ever discovered.ESA / Hubble and NASA
When the lens and a background source align in a particular way, the result is a quadruple image.
Enlarged view of the gravitational lens supernova iPTF16geu. The inlays show a view of the lens galaxy in the foreground and on the far right, the multiple resolution images of the lens supernova observed with the Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck Telescope / NIRC2 instrument.SDSS; ESA / Hubble & NASA; Keck Observatory; JOEL JOHANSSON
With slightly different light trajectories, the brightness and the time of arrival of each image are unique.
When an observatory considers a major mass source, such as a quasar, galaxy, or cluster of galaxies, it can often find several images of the background sources that are identified, magnified, and deformed due to flexion of the space by the mass in the foreground.ALMA (ESO / NRAO / NAOJ), L. CALÇADA (ESO), Y. HEZAVEH AND AL. JOEL JOHANSSON
In November 2014, a quad lens supernova was observed, illustrating exactly this type of alignment.
In November 2014, a galaxy in the background perfectly aligned with a galaxy in the foreground in a cluster of galaxies was discovered. The galaxy in the background experienced a supernova more than 9 billion years ago and the light of the four images arrived almost at once.NASA, ESA, S. Rodney (JHU) and the FrontierSN team; T. Treu (UCLA), P. Kelly (UC Berkeley) and the GLASS team; J. Lotz (STScI) and the Frontier Fields team; Mr. Postman (STScI) and the CLASH team; and Z. Levay (STScI)
Although only one galaxy caused the quadruple image, this galaxy was part of a huge cluster of galaxies, exhibiting its own lens effects.
Color composite image of galaxy clusters MACSJ1149.6 + 2223, with critical curves for redshift sources z = 1.49 of the superimposed host galaxy. Excerpt from the original discovery document published in Science in 2015. The quadruple image of the supernova was only one of three locations where the same galaxy was identified.PL. Kelly et al., Science (2015): Vol. 347, No. 6226, p. 1123-1126
Elsewhere in the group, two more images of the same galaxy also appear.
A remote and distilled background cluster is so severely focused by the intermediate group filled with galaxies that three images independent of the background galaxy, with significantly different lightpath times, can all be seen.NASA & ESA
According to Einstein 's general relativity, one image would have shown a supernova in 1995, the other should appear in late 2015 or early 2016.
This image illustrates a gravitational lens effect and the multiple paths that light can take to arrive at the same destination. Given the great cosmic distances and the huge masses at play, arrival times can range from a few hours to several decades.NASA, ESA and Johan Richard (Caltech, USA); Acknowledgments: Davide de Martin and James Long (ESA / Hubble)
On December 11, 2015, the predicted supernova appeared and was quickly discovered.
The left image shows some of the deep-field observation of the MACS J1149.5 + 2223 galaxy cluster of the Frontier Fields program. The circle indicates the expected position of the new appearance of the supernova. Bottom right, the Einstein cross event of late 2014 is visible. The image at the top right shows observations made by Hubble as of October 2015, taken at the beginning of the viewing program in order to detect the all-new appearance of the supernova. The image at the bottom right shows the discovery of Refsdal's Supernova on December 11, 2015, as predicted by several different models.NASA & ESA and P. Kelly (University of California, Berkeley)
The combination of this gravitational lens, dark matter and general relativity confirms our modern image of the Universe.
The mass of a group of galaxies can be reconstructed from the available gravitational lens data. Most of the mass is found not inside individual galaxies, presented here in the form of peaks, but from the intergalactic medium of the cluster, where the dark matter appears to reside. The temporal observations of the Refsdal supernova can not be explained without dark matter in this cluster of galaxies.A. E. Evrard. Nature 394, 122-123 (July 09, 1998)
Mostly Mute Monday tells the astronomical story of an object, a phenomenon or an event in pictures, in images and in 200 words maximum. Speak less; mouse more.
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This NASA / ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the positions of past (1995, top left), current (2014, bottom right) and predicted (mid-2015, center) appearances of the Refsdal supernova behind the galaxy cluster MACS J1149 + 2223.NASA, ESA, S. Rodney and the FrontierSN team; T. Treu, P. Kelly and the GLASS team; J. Lotz and the Frontier Fields team; Mr. Postman and the CLASH team; and Z. Levay
Throughout the universe, matter and energy curl the fabric of space, with dramatic consequences.
An illustration of the gravitational lens shows how background galaxies – or any path of light – are distorted by the presence of an intermediate mass, such as a cluster of galaxies in the foreground. The analogy with the "structure of space" is only an analogy and has no physical meaning, but curved light paths are verified by the loneliness. ;observation.NASA / ESA
The masses are mainly concentrated in quasars, large individual galaxies and huge galaxy clusters.
HE0435-1223, located at the center of this large field image, is one of the top five lentil quasars ever discovered. The galaxy in the foreground creates four almost uniformly distributed images of the distant quasar that surrounds it.ESA / Hubble, NASA, Suyu et al.
With enough mass, a sufficiently deformed space makes the light move on several paths and reaches the same destination.
Six examples of strong gravitational lenses discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope. Arches and ring structures are able to probe both dark matter and general relativity by reconstructing the mass and mass distribution and comparing it to the observed background light.NASA, ESA, C. Faure (Center for Astronomy, University of Heidelberg) and J.P. Kneib (Marseille Astrophysics Laboratory)
These masses behave like gravitational lenses, creating multiple enlarged and stretched images of stars and galaxies in the background.
The galaxy pictured here by Hubble, UZC J224030.2 + 032131, does not have five distinct components, but merely constitutes the diffuse central light source. The four surrounding lights are due to bending and stretching of the space due to the gravitational lens. They produce the "Einstein Cross" shown here. This image is probably the sharpest Einstein cross ever discovered.ESA / Hubble and NASA
When the lens and a background source align in a particular way, the result is a quadruple image.
Enlarged view of the gravitational lens supernova iPTF16geu. The inlays show a view of the lens galaxy in the foreground and on the far right, the multiple resolution images of the lens supernova observed with the Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck Telescope / NIRC2 instrument.SDSS; ESA / Hubble & NASA; Keck Observatory; JOEL JOHANSSON
With slightly different light trajectories, the brightness and the time of arrival of each image are unique.
When an observatory considers a major mass source, such as a quasar, galaxy, or cluster of galaxies, it can often find several images of the background sources that are identified, magnified, and deformed due to flexion of the space by the mass in the foreground.ALMA (ESO / NRAO / NAOJ), L. CALÇADA (ESO), Y. HEZAVEH AND AL. JOEL JOHANSSON
In November 2014, a quad lens supernova was observed, illustrating exactly this type of alignment.
In November 2014, a galaxy in the background perfectly aligned with a galaxy in the foreground in a cluster of galaxies was discovered. The galaxy in the background experienced a supernova more than 9 billion years ago and the light of the four images arrived almost at once.NASA, ESA, S. Rodney (JHU) and the FrontierSN team; T. Treu (UCLA), P. Kelly (UC Berkeley) and the GLASS team; J. Lotz (STScI) and the Frontier Fields team; Mr. Postman (STScI) and the CLASH team; and Z. Levay (STScI)
Although only one galaxy caused the quadruple image, this galaxy was part of a huge cluster of galaxies, exhibiting its own lens effects.
Color composite image of galaxy clusters MACSJ1149.6 + 2223, with critical curves for redshift sources z = 1.49 of the superimposed host galaxy. Excerpt from the original discovery document published in Science in 2015. The quadruple image of the supernova was only one of three locations where the same galaxy was identified.PL. Kelly et al., Science (2015): Vol. 347, No. 6226, p. 1123-1126
Elsewhere in the group, two more images of the same galaxy also appear.
A remote and distilled background cluster is so severely focused by the intermediate group filled with galaxies that three images independent of the background galaxy, with significantly different lightpath times, can all be seen.NASA & ESA
According to Einstein 's general relativity, one image would have shown a supernova in 1995, the other should appear in late 2015 or early 2016.
This image illustrates a gravitational lens effect and the multiple paths that light can take to arrive at the same destination. Given the great cosmic distances and the huge masses at play, arrival times can range from a few hours to several decades.NASA, ESA and Johan Richard (Caltech, USA); Acknowledgments: Davide de Martin and James Long (ESA / Hubble)
On December 11, 2015, the predicted supernova appeared and was quickly discovered.
The left image shows some of the deep-field observation of the MACS J1149.5 + 2223 galaxy cluster of the Frontier Fields program. The circle indicates the expected position of the new appearance of the supernova. Bottom right, the Einstein cross event of late 2014 is visible. The image at the top right shows observations made by Hubble as of October 2015, taken at the beginning of the viewing program in order to detect the all-new appearance of the supernova. The image at the bottom right shows the discovery of Refsdal's Supernova on December 11, 2015, as predicted by several different models.NASA & ESA and P. Kelly (University of California, Berkeley)
The combination of this gravitational lens, dark matter and general relativity confirms our modern image of the Universe.
The mass of a group of galaxies can be reconstructed from the available gravitational lens data. Most of the mass is found not inside individual galaxies, presented here in the form of peaks, but from the intergalactic medium of the cluster, where the dark matter appears to reside. The temporal observations of the Refsdal supernova can not be explained without dark matter in this cluster of galaxies.A. E. Evrard. Nature 394, 122-123 (July 09, 1998)
Mostly Mute Monday tells the astronomical story of an object, a phenomenon or an event in pictures, in images and in 200 words maximum. Speak less; mouse more.
