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Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was arrested again shortly after serving a 30-day sentence, his colleagues said.
He is accused of violating a protest law and faces 20 days in jail or a fine. He must appear in court later.
The sentence Mr. Navalny had just served was the planning for an unauthorized anti-government demonstration in January.
The 42-year-old politician has long been the most important face of Russian opposition to President Vladimir Putin.
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Mr Navalny and his supporters believe that the pressure he is subjected to is politically motivated, reports Steven Rosenberg of the BBC in Moscow.
In recent weeks, the opposition politician has called for national protests against government plans to raise the retirement age in Russia – a deeply unpopular reform that fuels the resentment of the authorities and has shaken the popularity of Mr. Putin.
Earlier this month, the head of the Russian National Guard, Viktor Zolotov, threatened Alexei Navalny with "making a good steak", after the political activist published allegations of widespread corruption within the National Guard. .
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Mr Navalny called Putin's party in place of "crooks and thieves", accused the presidential system of "sucking the blood of Russia" and pledged to destroy "the state feudal "under construction.
The Kremlin denies the allegations.
Mr Navalny's candidacy for the 2018 presidential election was banned by the authorities following his conviction by a Russian embezzlement court, which prohibited him from running for office.