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By deciphering the cosmic puzzle of the nature of dark energy, we will better learn the fate of the universe. Whether the dark energy changes strength or sign is the key to whether we are going to end up with a big tear or not.Scenic reflection screen background
There are few questions that can prevent us from thinking in the evening about the eventual fate of the whole cosmos. The stars will be extinguished, will be replaced by new ones, which themselves will be extinguished until the universe is exhausted. The galaxies will merge and eject matter, while the space between the linked galaxies and the clusters and clusters will expand forever. The dark energy makes this expansion not only relentless, but accelerates it. Is this necessarily the end, though? By entering a speculative territory, Justin Agustino di Paola wants to know:
Could the "big tear" lead to another "Big Bang"? When the universe expands enough to rip atoms, then quarks … Would the universe create a quark-gluon soup?
Nothing less than the destiny of the universe is at stake.
Far – away galaxies, like those found in the Hercules Cluster, accelerate. Finally, we will stop receiving light beyond a certain point of them. But the value of black energy does not need to be as perfectly adjusted as many claim; this could be a constant or vary in many ways.ESO / INAF-VST / OmegaCAM. Acknowledgments: OmegaCen / Astro-WISE / Kapteyn Institute
When you look at a random galaxy far away in the Universe, it's a safe bet that your light will be more red than light as you see stars in our own galaxy. Back in the 1920s, scientists noticed a relationship that was true in general: The further a galaxy was from you, the more light became average. In the context of general relativity, it was quickly realized that this was probably due to the fact that the structure of space itself extended over time.
The initial observations of 1929 on the expansion of the Hubble universe, followed by more detailed observations later, but also uncertain.Right, Robert P. Kirshner (http://goo.gl/C1d7EF); Left, Edwin Hubble
The next step was to quantify exactly how fast the Universe was developing and how it was changing over time. The reason why this is so important, from a theoretical point of view, is that the history of the expansion of the Universe uniquely determines its content. If you want to know how your universe, at the largest scales, is constituted, measuring its expansion beyond cosmic time is an infallible way to achieve it.
If your universe is full of matter, you expect the rate of expansion to decrease with the dilution of the material as the volume increases. If it is full of radiation, you expect the rate to drop faster because the radiation itself is losing energy. A universe with a spatial curvature, cosmic strings or the energy inherent in the space itself would evolve even differently, depending on the ratios of all the different components of energy.
A plot of the apparent expansion rate (y-axis) versus distance (x-axis) is consistent with a universe that has developed more rapidly in the past, but where far-off galaxies are located. Accelerate today. This is a modern version of, extending thousands of times further than Hubble's original work. Note the fact that the dots do not form a straight line, indicating the evolution of the rate of expansion over time.Ned Wright, based on the latest data from Betoule et al. (2014)
On the basis of the complete series of measurements that we have been able to carry out, notably variable stars, types and properties different from galaxies and type Ia supernovae, as well as cosmic microwave background and clustering and correlations of galaxies, we have the ability to accurately determine what the Universe is made of. In particular, it consists of:
- 68% dark energy,
- 27% dark matter,
- 4.9% of normal matter,
- 0.09% neutrinos and
- 0.01% radiation,
with a few percent uncertainty on each digit.
The destinies expected from the universe (the first three illustrations) all correspond to a universe where matter and energy fight the initial rate of expansion. In our observed universe, a cosmic acceleration is caused by a certain type of dark energy, unexplained until now. All these universes are governed by Friedmann's equations, which connect the expansion of the universe to the different types of matter and energy present within it.E. Siegel / Beyond the galaxy
Our universe being dominated by dark energy is particularly interesting because it was a component of the universe that did not have to exist, much less dominant. Yet, 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang, we live in a universe where dark energy governs the expansion of the universe.
Many questions surround dark energy, including its nature, its causes and its constant or evolution over time. There remains some room for maneuver, but all observations are consistent with the fact that it is a cosmological constant. In other words, it seems to behave as if it's a new form of energy, inherent in the space itself. As the Universe grows, it creates a new space, all containing the same uniform amount of black energy.
Although the energy densities of matter, radiation, and dark energy are well known, there is still plenty of room for maneuver in the equation of state of the art. Dark energy. This could be a constant, but it could also increase or decrease over time.Quantum stories
This is the current favorite photo, anyway. From a theoretical point of view, there are a number of known ways to generate a cosmological constant, and therefore this explanation – as long as the data is compatible with it – is likely to remain favored. But there is no reason why black energy is not more complicated than that.
It could be something that gets diluted over time, becoming less and less dense, albeit slightly. This could be something that would reverse the sign in the distant future, leading to the recapitulation of the Universe in a big tightening. Or it could become something that would get stronger and stronger over time, causing the expansion of the Universe at a faster and faster pace over time. This is the latter possibility that leads to the Big Rip scenario.
The different ways in which dark energy could evolve into the future. Staying constant or increasing in strength (in a Big Rip) could potentially rejuvenate the Universe, while sign reversal could lead to a Big Crunch.NASA / CXC / M.Weiss
When we talk about a component of energy in the Universe, we are talking about its state equation, which describes how it evolves over time in the Universe. Astrophysicists designate the parameter w for this purpose, where w = 0 corresponds to the material, w = 1/3 corresponds to the radiation and w = -1 corresponds to a cosmological constant.
The dark energy seems to have w = -1, but there is room for maneuver there. For example, a new document from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam collaboration has released new constraints on the dark energy state equation. Although this seems very consistent with w = -1, it is suggested that this could be slightly more negative than that. If it is actually – it turns out that w <-1 instead of matching – then the Big Rip is inevitable.
"align =" "width =" 706 "]The expected fate of the Universe is an eternal and accelerated development, corresponding to w (on the y axis) equal to exactly -1. If w is more negative than -1, as some of the data favor it, our destiny will be rather a Big Rip.
If the Big Rip is real, then not only is the Universe expanding (which occurs regardless of black energy), and not only do distant objects seem to accelerate at a speed of over in larger over time (which occurs because of dark energy), but objects linked together by one of the fundamental forces will eventually be torn by the increasing strength of the l & # 39; black energy.
Several billion years later, our local group will see the stars of the suburbs fling themselves into space while they will no longer be bound by the gravity of our future galaxy: Milkdromeda. As time goes on, more and more stars will be thrown outward, eventually eliminating the structure we call the galaxy and turning us into a collection of billions of unrelated stars and stellar bodies.
The "Big Rip" scenario will occur if we find that dark energy increases in strength while remaining negative over time.Jeremy Teaford / Vanderbilt University
As time passes, planets will be ejected from their solar systems as black energy continues to grow and even the planets themselves are torn apart. In the very last moments, the objects linked by atomic and molecular forces will be torn apart, the electrons will be removed from their atoms, the nuclei of the atoms will be broken and even the quarks will be separated from each other. If there is something that includes quarks, they will also be torn apart.
If the Big Rip is correct, everything in the Universe will be reduced to its most basic constituents, in a strange parallel to the early stages of the Big Bang.
The quark-gluon plasma of the early Universe will be very similar to the quark-gluon plasma generated during the last moments of the Big Rip. Although we often represent particles such as quarks, gluons and electrons in the form of three-dimensional spheres, the best measurements we have ever taken show that they can not be distinguished from point particles.Brookhaven National Laboratory
But it is a plasma of quarks and gluons very different from that of the beginning of the Big Bang. On the one hand, the Big Bang is characterized by a hot and dense state, but the Big Rip will be extremely cold and scattered. On the other hand, the Big Bang is characterized by the fact that all the matter and the energy of the Universe are compressed in a tiny volume of space, but in the Big Rip it will spread over billions of light years. And for yet another, the Big Bang represents a rather low entropy state, but the entropy will be about 1035 times bigger at the Big Rip than at the Big Bang.
But, there is always hope.
It is possible that dark energy, if it leads to the Big Rip, can recycle the Universe. If black energy increases in strength, it is well an inherent energy to the very structure of space, which could be completely analogous to a recent period of time. history of our Universe where space has developed at an incredible rate: cosmic inflation. Inflation removes all the pre-existing matter and energy from the Universe, leaving only the fabric of space itself. After a period of inflation, this energy is somehow converted into particles, antiparticles and radiation, and leads to the hot Big Bang. This scenario has already been explored and is known as a rejuvenated universe.
The quantum fluctuations that occur during inflation spread over the Universe and, at the end of inflation, they become density fluctuations. This leads, over time, to the large-scale structure in the universe today, as well as to temperature fluctuations observed in the CMB.E. Siegel, with images derived from ESA / Planck and the DoE / NASA / NSF inter-agency working group on CMB research
If the Big Rip is true, it should just tear everything up, to end up in a very empty universe with a lot of energy inherent in the space itself. If we extrapolate this distance arbitrarily far, to the highest energies imaginable, the space itself will tear apart, that is why it is called the great tear. But perhaps there is a threshold, and perhaps another transition is planned. If that's where our Universe is heading, then the Big Rip might not be the last thing that ever happens; instead, it could be a precursor to the birth of a new universe.
Perhaps in fact, as J.M. Barrie said, "all this has happened before and everything will happen again."
Send your Ask Ethan questions to startswithabang on gmail dot com!
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By deciphering the cosmic puzzle of the nature of dark energy, we will better learn the fate of the universe. Whether the dark energy changes strength or sign is the key to whether we are going to end up with a big tear or not.Scenic reflection screen background
Few questions prevent us from waking up at night, in the same way as the eventual fate of the entire cosmos. The stars will be extinguished, will be replaced by new ones, which themselves will be extinguished until the universe is exhausted. Galaxies will merge and eject matter, while the space between galaxies and groups and related clusters will grow forever. The dark energy makes this expansion not only relentless, but accelerates it. Is this necessarily the end, though? By entering a speculative territory, Justin Agustino di Paola wants to know:
Could the "big tear" lead to another "Big Bang"? When the universe grows fast enough to rip atoms, then quarks … At this point, would the universe create a quark-gluon soup?
Nothing less than the destiny of the universe is at stake.
Remote galaxies, like those found in the group of Hercules galaxies, accelerate further and further away from us. Eventually, we will stop receiving light beyond a certain point of them. But the value of dark energy does not have to be as perfectly adjusted as many claim. this could be a constant or vary in many ways.ESO / INAF-VST / OmegaCAM. Acknowledgments: OmegaCen / Astro-WISE / Kapteyn Institute
When you look at a random galaxy far away in the Universe, it's a safe bet that your light will be more red than light as you see stars in our own galaxy. Back in the 1920s, scientists noticed a relationship that was true in general: The further a galaxy was from you, the more light became average. In the context of general relativity, it was quickly realized that this was probably due to the structure of the space itself which developed with time.
The initial observations of 1929 on the expansion of the Hubble universe, followed by more detailed observations later, but also uncertain.Right, Robert P. Kirshner (http://goo.gl/C1d7EF); Edwin Hubble, left
The next step was to quantify exactly how fast the Universe was developing and how it was changing over time. The reason why this is so important, from a theoretical point of view, is that the history of the expansion of the universe uniquely determines what it contains. If you want to know how your universe, at the largest scales, is constituted, measuring its expansion beyond cosmic time is an infallible way to achieve it.
If your universe is full of matter, you expect the rate of expansion to decrease with the dilution of the material as the volume increases. If it is full of radiation, you expect the rate to drop faster because the radiation itself is losing energy. A universe with a spatial curvature, cosmic strings or the energy inherent in the space itself would evolve even differently, depending on the ratios of all the different components of energy.
A plot of the apparent expansion rate (y-axis) versus distance (x-axis) is consistent with a universe that has developed more rapidly in the past, but where far-off galaxies are located. Accelerate today. This is a modern version of, extending thousands of times further than Hubble's original work. Note the fact that the dots do not form a straight line, indicating the evolution of the rate of expansion over time.Ned Wright, based on the latest data from Betoule et al. (2014)
On the basis of the complete series of measurements that we have been able to carry out, notably variable stars, types and properties different from galaxies and type Ia supernovae, as well as cosmic microwave background and clustering and correlations of galaxies, we are able to accurately determine what the universe is made up of. In particular, it consists of:
- 68% black energy,
- 27% dark matter,
- 4.9% of normal matter,
- 0.09% neutrinos and
- 0.01% radiation,
with a few percent uncertainty on each digit.
The destinies expected from the universe (the first three illustrations) all correspond to a universe where matter and energy struggle against the initial expansion rate. In our observed universe, a cosmic acceleration is caused by a certain type of dark energy, unexplained until now. All these universes are governed by Friedmann's equations, which connect the expansion of the universe to the different types of matter and energy present within it.E. Siegel / Beyond the galaxy
Our universe being dominated by dark energy is particularly interesting because it was a component of the universe that did not have to exist, much less dominant. Yet, 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang, we live in a universe where dark energy governs the expansion of the universe.
Many questions surround dark energy, including its nature, its causes and its constant or evolution over time. There remains some room for maneuver, but all observations are consistent with the fact that it is a cosmological constant. In other words, it seems to behave as if it's a new form of energy, inherent in the space itself. As the Universe grows, it creates a new space, which contains all the same amount of uniform dark energy.
Although the energy densities of matter, radiation, and dark energy are well known, there is still plenty of room for maneuver in the equation of state of the art. Dark energy. This could be a constant, but it could also increase or decrease over time.Quantum stories
This is the current favorite photo, anyway. From a theoretical point of view, there are a number of known ways to generate a cosmological constant, and therefore this explanation – as long as the data is compatible with it – is likely to remain favored. But there is no reason why black energy is not more complicated than that.
It could be something that gets diluted over time, becoming less and less dense, albeit slightly. This could be something that reverses the sign in the distant future, leading to the re-bonding of the Universe in a Big Crunch. Or it could become something that would get stronger and stronger over time, causing the expansion of the Universe at a faster and faster pace over time. This is the latter possibility that leads to the Big Rip scenario.
The different ways in which dark energy could evolve into the future. Staying constant or increasing in strength (in a Big Rip) could potentially rejuvenate the Universe, while sign reversal could lead to a Big Crunch.NASA / CXC / M.Weiss
When we talk about a component of energy in the Universe, we are talking about its state equation, which describes how it evolves over time in the Universe. Astrophysicists designate the parameter w for this purpose, where w = 0 corresponds to the material, w = 1/3 corresponds to the radiation, and w = -1 corresponds to a cosmological constant.
The dark energy seems to have w = -1, but there is room for maneuver there. For example, a new document from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam collaboration released new constraints on the black energy state equation. Although it seems to be very consistent with w = -1, it is suggested that this could be slightly more negative than that. If it is actually – it turns out that w <-1 instead of matching – then the Big Rip is inevitable.
"align =" "width =" 706 "]The expected fate of the Universe is an eternal and accelerated development, corresponding to w (on the y axis) equal to exactly -1. If w is more negative than -1, as some of the data favor it, our destiny will be rather a Big Rip.
If the Big Rip is real, then not only is the Universe expanding (which occurs regardless of black energy), and not only do distant objects seem to accelerate at a speed of over in larger over time (which occurs because of dark energy), but objects linked together by one of the fundamental forces will eventually be torn by the increasing strength of the l & # 39; black energy.
Several billion years later, our local group will see the stars of the suburbs fling themselves into space while they will no longer be bound by the gravity of our future galaxy: Milkdromeda. As time goes on, more and more stars will be thrown outward, eventually eliminating the structure we call the galaxy and turning us into a collection of billions of unrelated stars and stellar bodies.
The Big Rip scenario will occur if we find that black energy is increasing in strength while remaining negative over time.Jeremy Teaford / Vanderbilt University
As time passes, planets will be ejected from their solar systems as black energy continues to grow and even the planets themselves are torn apart. In the very last moments, the objects linked by atomic and molecular forces will be torn apart, the electrons will be removed from their atoms, the nuclei of the atoms will be broken and even the quarks will be separated from each other. If there is something that includes quarks, they will also be torn apart.
If the Big Rip is correct, everything in the Universe will be reduced to its most basic constituents, in a strange parallel to the early stages of the Big Bang.
The quark-gluon plasma of the early Universe will be very similar to the quark-gluon plasma generated during the last moments of the Big Rip. Although we often represent particles such as quarks, gluons and electrons in the form of three-dimensional spheres, the best measurements we have ever taken show that they can not be distinguished from point particles.Brookhaven National Laboratory
But it is a plasma of quarks and gluons very different from that of the beginning of the Big Bang. On the one hand, the Big Bang is characterized by a hot and dense state, but the Big Rip will be extremely cold and scattered. On the other hand, the Big Bang is characterized by the fact that all the matter and the energy of the Universe are compressed in a tiny volume of space, but in the Big Rip it will spread over billions of light years. And for yet another, the Big Bang represents a fairly low entropy state, but the entropy will be about 1035 times bigger at the Big Rip than at the Big Bang.
But, there is always hope.
It is possible that the black energy, if it leads to the big tear, can recycle the universe. If the black energy increases in strength, it is good for an energy Meme it inherent in the very structure of space, which could be completely analogous to a recent period in the history of our Universe where the space has developed at an incredible rate: l & # 39; 39; cosmic inflation. Inflation removes all the pre-existing matter and energy from the universe, leaving only the fabric of space itself. After a period of inflation, this energy is somehow converted into particles, antiparticles and radiation, and leads to the hot Big Bang. This scenario has already been explored and is known as a rejuvenated universe.
The quantum fluctuations that occur during inflation spread over the Universe and, at the end of inflation, they become density fluctuations. This leads, over time, to the large-scale structure in today's universe, as well as to temperature fluctuations observed in the CMB.E. Siegel, with images derived from ESA / Planck and the DoE / NASA / NSF inter-agency working group on CMB research
If the Big Rip is true, it should just tear everything up, to end up in a very empty universe with a lot of energy inherent in the space itself. If we extrapolate this distance arbitrarily far, to the highest energies imaginable, the space itself will tear apart, that is why it is called the great tear. But perhaps there is a threshold, and perhaps another transition is planned. If that's where our Universe is heading, then the Big Rip might not be the last thing that ever happens; instead, it could be a precursor to the birth of a new universe.
Perhaps in fact, as J.M. Barrie said, "all this has happened before and everything will happen again."
Send your Ask Ethan questions to startswithabang on gmail dot com!
