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According to a new study, what we see is extremely influenced by what we hear, even going as far as to produce illusions that travel in time.
Caltech researchers discovered that sounds could cause the brain to perceive visual illusions, convincing us that we had already seen something that was never there. This phenomenon is called postdiction, where a stimulus that occurs later can retroactively affect what we have already perceived.
"Illusions are a really interesting window on the brain," said Noelle Stiles, a senior author, biology and biological engineering visitor, and postdoctoral researcher-associate at the USC.
Illusory Rabbit Experience (Credit: Caltech / Shimojo Lab)Caltech / Shimojo Laboratory
"By investigating illusions, we can study the decision-making process of the brain – for example, how does the brain determine reality with information from multiple, sometimes noisy and conflicting senses?" The brain uses assumptions about the brain. When these assumptions are false, illusions can occur when the brain tries to give the best possible meaning to a confusing situation.We can use these illusions to reveal the underlying inferences that the brain is making. "
The research team involved participants in two tests, the illusory rabbit and the invisible rabbit. In the first case, people heard a brief beep and saw a quick flash on a computer screen, appearing on the left side. Then, just 58 milliseconds later, a beep was emitted without blinking, followed by another beep and a blink to the right. Although only two flashes appear, our brain fills with the central flash to accompany the lone beep.
"When the final beep-flash torque is presented, the brain assumes that it had to miss the flash associated with the unpaired beep and literally explains the fact that there must be a second flash that it missed, "says Stiles.
"This already implies a post-operative mechanism at work, but more importantly, the only way to perceive the illusory flash moved would be that the information that arrives later in time – the final combination of beep-flash – be used to reconstruct the image. 39, the most likely location of the illusory flash as well. "
In the Invisible Rabbit illusion, the middle event is reversed, participants seeing a flash without beep. In this case, the brain retroactively removes the central flash, assuming that it can not take place without the sound that accompanies it. As a result, most people do not see the second flash at all.
"The importance of this study is twofold," says Shinsuke Shimojo, professor of experimental psychology for the Gertrude Baltimore Award and affiliate faculty member of the Tianqiao Neuroscience Institute and Chrissy Chen of Caltech.
"In the first place, he generalizes postdiction as a key process in perceptual processing for a single sense and multiple meanings." The post-sentence may seem mysterious, but that is not the case. time it takes the brain to process the subsequent stimuli coming from a different direction can affect or modulate the former.
"The second meaning is that these illusions are among the very rare cases where sound affects vision, not the opposite, indicating the dynamic aspects of neuronal processing that occur in space and time. These new illusions will allow researchers to identify the optimal parameters for multisensory integration, necessary for the design of ideal sensory aids and optimal training of visually impaired people. "
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According to a new study, what we see is extremely influenced by what we hear, even going as far as to produce illusions that travel in time.
Caltech researchers discovered that sounds could cause the brain to perceive visual illusions, convincing us that we had already seen something that was never there. This phenomenon is called postdiction, where a stimulus that occurs later can retroactively affect what we have already perceived.
"Illusions are a really interesting window on the brain," said Noelle Stiles, a senior author, biology and biological engineering visitor, and postdoctoral researcher-associate at the USC.
Illusory Rabbit Experience (Credit: Caltech / Shimojo Lab)Caltech / Shimojo Laboratory
"By investigating illusions, we can study the decision-making process of the brain – for example, how does the brain determine reality with information from multiple, sometimes noisy and conflicting senses?" The brain uses assumptions about the brain. When these assumptions are false, illusions can occur when the brain tries to give the best possible meaning to a confusing situation.We can use these illusions to reveal the underlying inferences that the brain is making. "
The research team involved participants in two tests, the illusory rabbit and the invisible rabbit. In the first case, people heard a brief beep and saw a quick flash on a computer screen, appearing on the left side. Then, just 58 milliseconds later, a beep was emitted without blinking, followed by another beep and a blink to the right. Although only two flashes appear, our brain fills with the central flash to accompany the lone beep.
"When the final beep-flash torque is presented, the brain assumes that it had to miss the flash associated with the unpaired beep and literally explains the fact that there must be a second flash that it missed, "says Stiles.
"This already implies a post-operative mechanism at work, but more importantly, the only way to perceive the illusory flash moved would be that the information that arrives later in time – the final combination of beep-flash – be used to reconstruct the image. 39, the most likely location of the illusory flash as well. "
In the Invisible Rabbit illusion, the middle event is reversed, participants seeing a flash without beep. In this case, the brain retroactively removes the central flash, assuming that it can not take place without the sound that accompanies it. As a result, most people do not see the second flash at all.
"The importance of this study is twofold," says Shinsuke Shimojo, professor of experimental psychology for the Gertrude Baltimore Award and affiliate faculty member of the Tianqiao Neuroscience Institute and Chrissy Chen of Caltech.
"In the first place, he generalizes postdiction as a key process in perceptual processing for a single sense and multiple meanings." The post-sentence may seem mysterious, but that is not the case. time it takes the brain to process the subsequent stimuli coming from a different direction can affect or modulate the former.
"The second meaning is that these illusions are among the very rare cases where sound affects vision, not the opposite, indicating the dynamic aspects of neuronal processing that occur in space and time. These new illusions will allow researchers to identify the optimal parameters for multisensory integration, necessary for the design of ideal sensory aids and optimal training of visually impaired people. "
