Bill Of The Month: A $48,329 Allergy Test Is A Lot Of Scratch

Janet Winston had a rash that wouldn’t go away.

The English professor from Eureka, Calif., always had been sensitive to ingredients in skin creams and cosmetics. This time, however, the antifungal cream she was prescribed to treat her persistent rash seemed to make things worse. Was she allergic to that, too?

Winston, 56, who works at Humboldt State University, found out the dermatologist in her rural Northern California town was booked months in advance. So, as Winston often does for specialized treatment, she turned to Stanford Health Care, a nearly six-hour drive south. She hoped to finally clear up her rash and learn what else she might be allergic to.

Winston, who had avoided lipstick and other skin products for years, said that 119 tiny plastic containers of allergens were taped to her back over three days of testing. Winston ultimately learned that she was allergic to — among other things — linalool (a compound of lavender and other plants); the ketoconazole cream prescribed to treat her persistent rash; the antibiotic neomycin; a clothing dye; a common preservative used in cosmetics; and the metals gold, nickel and cobalt.

Her Stanford-affiliated doctor had warned her that the extensive allergy skin-patch testing she needed might be expensive, Winston said, but she wasn’t too worried. After all, Stanford was an in-network provider for her insurer — and her insurance, one of her benefits as an employee of the state of California, always had been reliable.

Then the bill came.

Patient: Janet Winston, 56, of Eureka, Calif., English professor at Humboldt State University

Total bill: $48,329, including $848 for the time Winston spent with her doctor. Winston’s health insurer, Anthem Blue Cross, paid Stanford a negotiated rate of $11,376.47. Stanford billed Winston $3,103.73 as her 20 percent share of the negotiated rate.

Service provider: Dr. Golara Honari of Stanford Health Care’s outpatient dermatology clinic in Redwood City, Calif.

Medical procedures: Extensive allergy skin-patch testing to determine which substances caused Winston’s contact dermatitis, or skin rashes.

“I was grateful I had such wonderful care at Stanford, but I was pretty outraged they could charge that,” Winston said. “No one cut into me. No one gave me anesthesia. I had partly open plastic containers filled with fluid taped to my back.”

What gives: Medical billing analysts told Kaiser Health News that Stanford’s charges for Winston’s allergy patch test appeared excessive. They were surprised to hear that Winston’s insurer, Anthem Blue Cross, paid Stanford more than $11,000 for the treatment.

Stanford’s list price, however, is $399 per allergen.

“That charge is astronomical and nuts,” said Margaret Skurka, a retired professor of health informatics at Indiana University and a medical coding and billing consultant who advises hospitals and providers. She reviewed Winston’s bill.

The “usual, customary and reasonable” charge for testing a single allergen in the high-cost San Francisco Bay Area is about $35, said Michael Arrigo, a San Francisco-based medical billing expert witness who also reviewed Winston’s bill. “The data seems pretty conclusive that the charges in this case are inflated.”

For the type of allergy skin-patch testing Winston received, the average charge physicians submitted to Medicare — an important data point for private insurers — was about $16 per allergen in 2016, according to Medicare payment data.

An Anthem spokesman noted that one of the insurer’s examiners did review the bill but could not say whether it received extra scrutiny because of its high cost. “We try to strike a balance between protecting affordability and providing a broad network of providers to create choices,” Eric Lail said in an emailed statement.

Winston’s case highlights how some health providers set exorbitant rates, knowing they’ll ultimately be paid a lesser amount. Patients rarely pay these rates — known as “chargemaster” or list prices — and they can generate headlines for the $100 aspirin. But such list prices, as the starting point for negotiations and discounts, do influence the amounts insurers pay, and ultimately what patients pay as their share of cost.

Stanford Health Care also has a lot of power in dealing with insurers like Anthem Blue Cross. The academic medical system includes hospitals and outpatient clinics across the San Francisco Bay Area, as well as a number of large doctor practices in the region.

That kind of consolidation and market power can raise health care prices. Insurers in the region have long grappled with Stanford’s high costs, at times withdrawing the health system from their networks.

But the breadth and depth of the academic medical system — not to mention its popularity with high-end customers in the Bay Area — makes it difficult for insurers to exclude a powerhouse like Stanford from a network for long.

A study recently published in Health Affairs found that such consolidation in California has caused health care costs to spike for both patients and insurers.

Patrick Bartosch, a spokesman for Stanford Health Care, said that Winston’s doctor customized her treatment rather than using off-the-shelf patch tests. The university health system operates a large allergen bank of its own, he said.

“In this case, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the patient and her environmental exposures and meticulously selected appropriate allergens, which required obtaining and preparing putative allergens on an individual basis,” Bartosch said in an emailed statement.

Leemore Dafny, a Harvard University health care economist, said big health systems such as Stanford’s — which owns multiple hospitals and outpatient clinics — can pressure insurers to pay big.

“Everyone wants to point fingers at the providers, but … a lot of times [insurers] roll over and pay the rates,” she said.

Resolution: After some bargaining with Stanford’s billing department, Winston ultimately paid $1,561.86 out of pocket. She made the argument that her doctor had told her the cost per allergen would be about $100, not nearly the $400 Stanford ultimately charged her insurer.

The takeaway: Insurers often tell patients to “shop around” for the best price and to make sure they choose in-network providers to avoid surprises.

Winston did everything right and still got caught out. As a state employee, she had great insurance and Stanford was an in-network provider.

Winston said her doctor warned her the test would be expensive, but she never anticipated that could mean close to $50,000. So don’t be afraid to ask for specific numbers. In the high-priced U.S. health system, “expensive” and “cheap” often take on entirely different meanings than those in everyday life.

Clearly uncomfortable with the charges, Winston’s physician advised her — in advance — to contest it with Stanford’s billing department. So Winston did, and Stanford gave her a nearly 50 percent discount for her coinsurance share of the bill. It never hurts to ask.

Still, Stanford received more than $12,000 total from Winston and her insurer for allergy-patch tests — a cost that is borne by insurance policyholders and taxpayers.

Researchers have linked consolidation by Northern California providers such as Stanford and Sutter Health to higher health costs for the region’s consumers. A local health workers union also has taken aim at Stanford’s costs with two city ballot initiatives that attempt to rein in what Stanford and other health providers can charge patients in Palo Alto and Livermore.

“I was grateful I had so much insurance, and that it was in-network, and I could afford the [final] bill,” Winston said. “On the other hand, I thought, ‘How can they get away with this?’ Most Americans could never afford this procedure, at least at this facility, and it made me think about the grand piano in the lobby.”

---

If you’d like us to consider your medical bill for a future story, you submit it here.

You can follow Barbara Feder Ostrov on Twitter: @barbfederostrov.

April Dembosky, from member station KQED, provided audio reporting. NPR produced and edited the interview with Elisabeth Rosenthal for broadcast.

Kaiser Health News is a nonprofit news service covering health issues. It is an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation that is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.

DAVID GREENE, HOST:

Each month, NPR and Kaiser Health News take a close look at a medical bill that you send to us. And today we’re going to hear about an unexpectedly expensive bill for a skin allergy test. From KQED in San Francisco, reporter April Dembosky has the story.

APRIL DEMBOSKY, BYLINE: When Janet Winston goes to the doctor, she fills up on gas and packs a sandwich and two big thermoses of black tea.

JANET WINSTON: And that’s what I need to make the 300-mile drive.

DEMBOSKY: Winston is an English professor in rural Eureka, Calif. When she needs to see a specialist, she often drives six hours one way to Stanford Health Care, just south of San Francisco.

WINSTON: I had this rash that wouldn’t go away.

DEMBOSKY: She got that rash last winter after horseback riding. And it lasted four months.

WINSTON: It was itchy and, like, weepy, like poison oak.

DEMBOSKY: She made the trek to see a dermatologist at Stanford. And she suspected Winston was allergic to something in the skin cream she was prescribed, maybe her shampoo.

WINSTON: I started going back over my whole life and all the things that I had reacted to – lip balm, Neosporin.

DEMBOSKY: The doctor suggested coming back for a comprehensive skin allergy test.

WINSTON: Benzocaine, colophonium…

DEMBOSKY: They tested her for 119 substances usually found in beauty products.

WINSTON: …Bacitracin, thimerosal…

DEMBOSKY: They put each substance into a tiny plastic capsule, then they drew a grid on Winston’s back in magic marker…

WINSTON: So that they know what substance is going where – and then they use some kind of medical tape, and they tape these plastic capsules to your back. That’s it.

DEMBOSKY: Winston left and came back two days later.

WINSTON: And they take everything off my back. And then they, quote, unquote, “read my back.’

DEMBOSKY: Turns out – Winston was allergic to 11 substances they tested. She was so relieved to have answers. But then, 2 1/2 months later, the bill came.

WINSTON: I was in total shock – $48,329.

DEMBOSKY: To tape some plastic capsules to her back.

WINSTON: I didn’t have any needles stuck in me. I had no scalpels stuck in me. I had no anesthesia.

DEMBOSKY: In a statement, Stanford said the procedure was highly specialized and required extensive technical resources and knowledge. But medical billing expert Michael Arrigo says there’s not enough information to understand the charges. Imagine buying a car for $48,000.

MICHAEL ARRIGO: We’d want to know if it had a four-cylinder, six-cylinder or eight-cylinder engine. Does it have the top-of-the-line Bluetooth stereo system? Does it have the more comfortable seats? We want to know what we’re paying for. And here we don’t have any of that.

DEMBOSKY: Winston’s insurer, Anthem Blue Cross, agreed to a negotiated rate of $14,000. The company says it tries to strike a balance between affordability and provider choices. But Arrigo says that’s still really high.

ARRIGO: The math just doesn’t add up.

WINSTON: Arrigo says the customary charge for this test is $35. That includes a 26-percent markup for the expensive San Francisco Bay Area. Even if you charge the fee 119 times for each allergen…

ARRIGO: I just did the math on that. It’s $4,165, less than 10 percent of this entire bill and only slightly more than this patient is being left with to pay out of pocket. So the math still doesn’t make sense to me.

DEMBOSKY: In the end, Winston was personally on the hook for about $3,000. She negotiated that down to 1,500, and she put it on a credit card. But she thinks of all the people who couldn’t afford that or don’t have insurance like hers.

WINSTON: When I walk into the clinic and I see a grand piano – and on this last visit, I saw monogrammed, embroidered pillowcases – I thought, hmm, that $48,000 is going to pay for those monogrammed pillowcases and that grand piano.

DEMBOSKY: Winston says if all that money went to pay for the care of low-income patients, maybe it would be worth it – but for a lobby befitting a five-star hotel, maybe not.

GREENE: All right, that reporting coming from April Dembosky from member station KQED in San Francisco. But we wanted to take an even closer look at how a simple allergy test can produce such an expensive bill. Dr. Elisabeth Rosenthal is editor-in-chief of our partner Kaiser Health News, and she spoke to our co-host Noel King.

NOEL KING, BYLINE: That was a lovely image at the end of the story, this grand hospital lobby – but $48,000 for a skin test?

ELISABETH ROSENTHAL: Yeah. You know, it’s nice to have a grand piano in the lobby. But that’s a fairly simple test. I mean, basically, what we’re seeing here is a kind of test at a sophisticated level that you could do at a more rudimentary level in your home. I mean, I have skin allergies. So a lot of products come with something advising you to put a little on your arm the night before and to make sure you don’t react to it. This is a much more sophisticated version of that – but $48,000 more? – uh-uh.

KING: Was part of the reason that this bill was so expensive because she was going to a hospital in the Bay Area, which is just an expensive place to live?

ROSENTHAL: Well, no. The Bay Area’s an expensive place to live, but it’s also an expensive place to get medical care. Many markets are highly consolidated. That means there are few hospital systems in the Bay Area. There are four. They can compete with each other. And you would think that would bring down prices. But instead, basically, high prices become the norm because insurers look at what’s usual and customary. So if everyone is charging high prices, they all get away with charging high prices.

KING: It’s not about competition. It’s about what’s customary. That’s interesting. For people who find themselves in this position, what should they do?

ROSENTHAL: Well, there are a couple of things they can do. First, don’t write the check. That’s the general advice for health care. Second, if your provider says – hey, this might get expensive – ask what expensive means to them because expensive in health care – you might think, well, the allergy test – oh, how could it – expensive could it be, a thousand bucks? But here, we see it can be $48,000. And the other thing is I would say, when you look for comparison prices to bargain to say that’s unreasonable, don’t just look in your area. I mean, the expert in the piece says that $35,000 per skin test is normal in the Bay Area. Well, in other places, it might be $4 or $6 or $10. So I think we have to look nationally for references.

KING: Dr. Elisabeth Rosenthal of Kaiser Health News, thank you so much.

ROSENTHAL: Thanks.

(SOUNDBITE OF GEOTIC’S “TIME SQUARE”) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.