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Clare Bale, head of research at Parkinson's UK, commented "In most cases, the causes of Parkinson's disease are a mystery, but understanding how the disease begins and evolves is the first step to combat it.A flawless stay
"The study builds on previous research indicating that for some, Parkinson's disease starts in the intestine."A flawless stay
The research team, based at the Van Andel Research Institute (VARI) in the United States, suggested a link between removal of the appendix and a reduced risk of developing Parkinson's disease.
Its removal would inevitably cut off the intestine and vagus nerve – the main link that runs along the so-called axis of the intestine and brain.
Research suggests that cutting off this nerve could prevent the sticky clumps of a protein called alpha-synuclein from spreading to the brain, thereby reducing the risk of Parkinson's.
Annex, a major role in the MP? A flawless stay
"Our results indicate that the appendix is an original site for Parkinson's disease and paves the way for the development of new treatment strategies exploiting the role of the gastrointestinal tract in the development of the disease." , Dr. Viviane Labrie, Assistant Professor at VARI and lead author of studies.
"Although it has the reputation of being largely useless, the appendix actually plays a major role in our immune system, in regulating the composition of our intestinal bacteria and, as our work shows, in the Parkinson disease."A flawless stay
In addition to cutting the vagus nerve, animal studies have highlighted the intestinal bacteria that live in the gut. NutraIngredients has previously reported the theory that intestinal microbes could trigger Parkinson's disease.
Researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have used mice to produce high levels of alpha-synuclein.
However, only mice with bacteria in the gut developed Parkinson's symptoms – an observation not observed in sterile mice.
When bacteria from individuals with Parkinson's disease were transplanted into these mice, more symptoms were observed than bacteria collected from healthy people.
The bacterial species of Parkinson's donors were Proteus, BilophilaAnd RoseburiaWith a loss of family members Lachnospiraceae, RikenellaceaeAnd Peptostreptococcaceae,As well as Butyricicoccus. A flawless stay
"We have discovered for the first time a biological link between the intestinal microbiome and Parkinson's disease",Sarkis Mazmanian, lead author of the studies and professor of microbiology at Caltech.
Details of the studyA flawless stay
The VARI research team also focused on the production of alpha-synuclein, which accumulates in the gastrointestinal tract and contributes to the progression of PD.
In two independent epidemiological datasets involving more than 1.6 million people, the team observed that withdrawal from the appendix decades before the onset of PD was associated with lower risk of PM, particularly for people living in rural areas, and delayed the onset of PD.
They discovered that the healthy human appendix contained an accumulation of alpha-synuclein and toxic alpha-synuclein products associated with PD, known to accumulate in Lewy bodies, a characteristic of the MP.
Lewy bodies are present in the brain of every person with Parkinson's disease, but there is evidence that they could come from other parts of the body and get to the brain. Lewy bodies have also already been found in the gut and vagus nerve.
With these observations, the team proposed that the normal human appendix contains pathogenic forms of alpha-synuclein that affect the risk of developing an MP.
What's wrong with Parkinson's?A flawless stay
"We were surprised that the pathogenic forms of alpha-synuclein are so ubiquitous in the appendages of people with and without Parkinson's disease. It seems that these aggregates – although toxic when they are in the brain – are quite normal when they are in the appendix This clearly suggests that their mere presence can not be the cause of the disease,Said Labrie.
"Parkinson's disease is relatively rare – less than 1% of the population – so there must be another mechanism or confluence of events that allows the appendix to affect Parkinson's risk. This is what we plan to see next; which factor or factors tip the balance in favor of Parkinson's disease? "A flawless stay
The study also demonstrated that an appendectomy could delay the progression of the disease by postponing the diagnosis by an average of 3.6 years.
Since there is no definitive test for Parkinson's disease, people are often diagnosed after the onset of motor symptoms such as tremors or rigidity.
At that time, the disease is usually very advanced, with significant damage to the area of the brain that regulates voluntary movement.
"We have shown that the appendix is a hub for the accumulation of cluster forms of alpha-synuclein proteins, implicated in Parkinson's disease",Bryan Killinger, lead author of the study and postdoctoral researcher at Labrie Lab.
"This knowledge will be invaluable as we explore new prevention and treatment strategies."A flawless stay
Source: Translational medicine scienceA flawless stay
Posted online: DOI: 10.1126 / scitranslmed.aar5280A flawless stay
"The vermiform appendix has an impact on the risk of developing Parkinson's disease."A flawless stay
Authors: Bryan Killinger, Zachary Madaj, Jacek W. Sikora, Nolwen Rey, Alec Haas, Yamini Vepa, Daniel Lindqvist, Honglei Chen, Paul Thomas, Patrik Brundin, Lena Brundin and Viviane Labrie.
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