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amino acids Simple molecules, naturally present in plant and animal tissues, which constitute the basic elements of proteins.
antibody A lot of proteins that the body produces from B cells and releases them into the blood supply as part of its immune response. The production of antibodies is triggered when the body encounters an antigen, a foreign material. Antibodies then bind to the antigens initially to neutralize germs or other foreign substances at the origin of these antigens.
arthritis A disease that causes painful inflammation in the joints.
atom The basic unit of a chemical element. Atoms consist of a dense nucleus containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The nucleus is orbited by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
Autoimmunity (Adj. autoimmuneThe process by which the immune system turns against its host. This inappropriate reaction can cause illness instead of healing it. Autoimmune diseases can be quite serious and difficult for doctors to treat. They understand rheumatoid arthritis (affecting joints, such as knees), multiple sclerosis (targeting nerves and muscles), Crohn's disease (affecting the intestine), psoriasis and lupus (affecting the skin) and type of diabetes which usually develops in young children. In all these cases, the immune system generates uncontrollable inflammation.
bacteria (singular: bacterium) Unicellular organisms. These reside almost everywhere on Earth, from the bottom of the sea inside other living organisms (like plants and animals).
bacteriophage Also known simply as a phage. It's a type of virus that infects – and ultimately kills – bacteria, but not before reproduction and spread. The term is, as "deer" or "fish", singular and plural.
biochemical (adj.) Referring to something made and used in living things.
biofuels Energy sources derived from carbon stored in living organisms. Although wood is a biofuel, most people who support "green" energy sources view biofuels as substitutes for gasoline. Examples include bioethanol, an alcohol derived from crops such as corn or sugar cane. Engineers are also developing ways to make biofuels from non-food crops, such as trees and shrubs. Renewable biofuels are an alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels.
biology The study of living beings. The scientists who study them are known as biologists.
Cancer More than 100 different diseases, each characterized by the rapid and uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. The development and growth of cancers, also called malignant tumors, can lead to tumors, pain and death.
carbon The chemical element having the atomic number 6. It is the physical basis of all life on Earth. Carbon exists freely in the form of graphite and diamond. It is an important part of coal, limestone and oil, and it is capable of self-chemically bonding to form a very large number of chemically, biologically and commercially important molecules.
cell The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Generally too small to be observed at the naked eye, it consists of an aqueous fluid surrounded by a membrane or wall. Depending on their size, animals are made up of thousands to billions of cells. Most organisms, such as yeasts, molds, bacteria and some algae, are composed of only one cell.
chemical A substance formed of two or more atoms that unite (bind) in a fixed proportion and structure. For example, water is a chemical produced when two atoms of hydrogen bind to an oxygen atom. Its chemical formula is H2O. Chemical may also be an adjective to describe the properties of materials resulting from various reactions between different compounds.
chemical reaction Process involving the rearrangement of molecules or the structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form (passage from a solid to a gas).
chemistry Scientific field dealing with the composition, structure and properties of substances and their interactions. Scientists use this knowledge to study unknown substances, to replicate large quantities of useful substances, or to design and create new and useful substances.
detergent Compound derived from petroleum products, often used for cleaning. Detergents act by decomposing and surrounding dirt particles or oily substances, so that they can be washed with water.
engineer A person who uses science to solve problems. As a verb, engineering means designing a device, material or process that will solve a problem or an unmet need.
engineering An area of research that uses mathematics and science to solve practical problems.
environment The sum of all the things that exist around an organism or process and the condition that these things create. The environment can refer to the weather and ecosystem in which certain animals live, or perhaps to temperature and humidity (or even the placement of components in a system or system). electronic product).
enzymes Molecules made by living beings to accelerate chemical reactions.
evolution (v. evolve) The process by which species undergo changes over time, usually through genetic variation and natural selection. These changes usually result in the creation of a new type of organization better suited to its environment than the previous type. The most recent type is not necessarily more 'advanced' but better adapted to the particular conditions in which it has developed.
fundamental Something fundamental or that is the foundation of another thing or idea.
gene (adj. genetics) A DNA segment that encodes or contains instructions for the production of a protein by a cell. The offspring inherit the genes from their parents. Genes influence the appearance and behavior of the body.
generation A group of individuals (regardless of species) born at about the same time or considered as one group. For example, your parents belong to one generation of your family and your grandparents to another. Likewise, you and all those who, a few years after your age, are considered to belong to a particular generation of human beings. The term is also sometimes extended to the age classes of other animals or types of inanimate objects (such as electronics or automobiles).
genetic This concerns the chromosomes, the DNA and the genes contained in the DNA. The scientific field dealing with these biological instructions is known as genetics. The people working in this field are geneticists.
germ Any unicellular microorganism, such as a bacterium or a fungal species, or a viral particle. Some germs cause diseases. Others can promote the health of more complex organisms, including birds and mammals. The health effects of most germs, however, remain unknown.
immune (adj.) In relation to immunity. (v.) Able to ward off a particular infection. Alternatively, this term may mean that an organism shows no impact of exposure to a particular poison or process. More generally, the term may indicate that something can not be hurt by a particular drug, disease or chemical.
immune system The collection of cells and their responses help the body fight infections and treat foreign substances that can cause allergies.
inflammation (inflammatory adjunct) Body response to cell injury and obesity; it is often swelling, redness, heat and pain. It is also an underlying characteristic responsible for the development and worsening of many diseases, including heart disease and diabetes.
insight The ability to acquire a precise and profound understanding of a situation simply by thinking about it, instead of seeking a solution through experimentation.
link A connection between two people or things.
manufacturing The manufacture of things, usually on a large scale.
microbiology The study of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, fungi and viruses. Scientists who study microbes and the infections they can cause or the means by which they can interact with their environment are called microbiologists.
molecule Group of electrically neutral atoms that represents the smallest possible amount of a chemical compound. Molecules can consist of only one type of atom or of different types. For example, oxygen in the air consists of two oxygen atoms (O2), but the water is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (H2O)
mutation (v. mutate) Change of a gene in the DNA of an organism. Some mutations occur naturally. Others can be triggered by external factors, such as pollution, radiation, medication or something in the diet. A gene exhibiting this change is called a mutant.
National Institute of General Medical Sciences One of 21 separate National Institutes of Health. It conducts both in-house research and funds research conducted by others on basic biological processes, which could lead to improved diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease.
Nobel prize A prestigious award named after Alfred Nobel. Became better known as the inventor of dynamite, Nobel was a wealthy man when he died on December 10, 1896. In his will, Nobel left much of his fortune to create prizes for those who had done their best for humanity in the field of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. Winners receive a medal and a cash prize.
novel Something smart or unusual and new, like never before.
biological (in chemistry) An adjective that indicates that something is carbon-containing; a term that refers to the chemicals that make up living organisms. (in agriculture) Farm products grown without the use of unnatural and potentially toxic chemicals, such as pesticides.
organization All living things, from elephants to plants to bacteria and other types of unicellular life.
peptide A short chain of amino acids (usually less than 100).
phage Abbreviation of bacteriophage. It's a type of virus that infects – and ultimately kills – bacteria, but not before reproduction and spread. The phage is both singular and plural, like a fish. (For example, if you had a lot of tuna, the plural would be fish, but if you had a lot of tuna, mackerel, cod and halibut, you would say there were a lot of fish. .)
protein Compound composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Proteins are an essential part of all living organisms. They form the basis of living cells, muscles and tissues; they also do the work inside the cells. Hemoglobin (in the blood) and antibodies (also in the blood) that try to fight infections are among the best known proteins. Medications often act by clinging to proteins.
range The full extent or distribution of something. For example, the range of a plant or animal is its natural surface. (in math or for measurements) The extent to which variation of values is possible. In addition, the distance to the inside of which something can be reached or perceived.
silicon Non-metallic semiconductor element used in the manufacture of electronic circuits. Pure silicon exists in a bright crystalline form, dark gray and formless powder form.
solvent A material (usually a liquid) used to dissolve another material in a solution.
Technology The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry – or devices, processes and systems resulting from these efforts.
vaccine (v. vaccinate) Biological mixture that looks like a pathogen. It is given to help the body create immunity against a particular disease. The injections used to administer most vaccines are called vaccinations.
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