Torches of light show the factory's response to consumption

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When humans are attacked, sensory cells transmit signals through our nervous system, spitting out the neurotransmitter – glutamate. Glutamate stimulates the amygdala and hypothalamus of our brain. This triggers the stress hormone – adrenaline – which makes us switch to combat mode or flight. Plants do not have neurotransmitters. They do not have a nervous system. Do not have brains. But now, for the first time, scientists are able to observe how a plant reacts to an attack through very vivid real-time images that illustrate the remarkable differences and similarities between plants and humans. Same substance, same results, different anatomy. In the video below, a plant is swallowed by a caterpillar. At the site of the wound, the plant reverses glutamate, the same chemical as our glutamate neurotransmitter, but not a neurotransmitter. This triggers a calcium wave throughout the body of the plant, stimulating a plant stress hormone that prepares it for the plant version of the fight or flight.

To observe what is happening, scientists have sampled a jellyfish gene that makes them shine green. Then, they genetically modified the plants to produce a fluorescent protein around the calcium. The results are a flamboyant calcium wave that waves through the vascular system of the plant when it becomes biting.

"[For] the first time, it has been shown that glutamate leakage at the level of a wound triggers a system-wide wound response, and the first time we could visualize this process Says Simon Gilroy, professor of botany at the Gilroy Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and lead author of the journal published today in the journal. Science.

An accidental breakthrough

The discovery was made through the "opportunistic opportunistic chance of science," says Gilroy. The laboratory did not investigate the wounds of the plants. It was to see how plants absorb and assimilate information. One day, the postdoctoral researcher and first author of the article, Masatsugu Toyota, approached the team: "You must see this. It's incredible, he said. It happened before us, says Gilroy.

Fighting or flying in factories is more like "Repulse and Rebuild"

Struggle or flight is not an appropriate answer for 80% of life on earth that moves slowly and is tied to the ground. The factories must perform a sophisticated treatment of information.

"If you're an animal, dealing with the world at a certain level is relatively simple because you do not really need to know what's going on," Gilroy says. "All you need to know is if something bad happens and you go" Oh, oh, that's not okay. I do not really know what's going on, but I'm going to leave. "The move gives you a huge" withdrawal "that does not require you to be extremely sophisticated … But for a factory, it does not have that luxury. The factories need to know a lot more.

The prospect of a plant

"In response to an injury, there are a lot of things you want to trigger if you are a plant," says Gilroy. "Someone chews my leaf. I want all my leaves now have a terrible taste to survive. But I must also deal with the fact that I have now lost a piece of leaf or lost a limb. "The fast information system of a factory is to" panic ", then there is a whole series of development things. that you will trigger. Long-term things that are only designed to replace and regenerate and manage the fact that bad things have happened and you may have lost a part of yourself. For an animal that could be devastating. But for the factory, the way they treat is that they rebuild themselves. "

The architecture of the plant has the same "theme" as our own nervous system

The fluorescent wave that crosses the vein of the plant evokes the imaging of nerve impulses. "You want to make it a nerve conduction, because that's what it looks like," says Gilroy. "But there's no nerves, so you have to take a step back," adds Gilroy, " It looks like a bit of the nervous system has been somehow kept inside a plant – but not quite so. It sounds a bit like that, but clearly, it's not what it is. Scientists already knew that plants and animals (including us) had to do the same body thing at a fundamental level to treat the interactions between our body and the environment. "The most amazing thing is that we can now visualize the same types of processes as in plants." The architecture of the plant, its anatomy, is remarkably different from ours given all the other similarities. "The types of cells that transmit the signal are clearly not nerve cells, but the goal is the same. Something serious happens in one part of the body and he quickly tries to tell another part of the body to do something about it.

And after?

Gilroy says this work is still in its infancy, but he is excited about what will happen. to find out if they have found the information exchange system, to be able to tell the factories that they are about to be attacked so that they can defend themselves preventively. "Classical science: You think you've found one thing and a thousand questions come from it."

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When humans are attacked, sensory cells transmit signals through our nervous system, spitting out the neurotransmitter – glutamate. Glutamate stimulates the amygdala and hypothalamus of our brain. This triggers the stress hormone – adrenaline – which makes us switch to combat mode or flight. Plants do not have neurotransmitters. They do not have a nervous system. Do not have brains. But now, for the first time, scientists are able to observe how a plant reacts to an attack through very vivid real-time images that illustrate the remarkable differences and similarities between plants and humans. Same substance, same results, different anatomy. In the video below, a plant is swallowed by a caterpillar. At the site of the wound, the plant reverses glutamate, the same chemical as our glutamate neurotransmitter, but not a neurotransmitter. This triggers a calcium wave throughout the body of the plant, stimulating a plant stress hormone that prepares it for the plant version of the fight or flight.

To observe what is happening, scientists have sampled a jellyfish gene that makes them shine green. Then, they genetically modified the plants to produce a fluorescent protein around the calcium. The results are a flamboyant calcium wave that waves through the vascular system of the plant when it becomes biting.

"[For] the first time, it has been shown that glutamate leakage at the level of a wound triggers a system-wide wound response, and the first time we could visualize this process Says Simon Gilroy, professor of botany at the Gilroy Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and lead author of the journal published today in the journal. Science.

An accidental breakthrough

The discovery was made through the "opportunistic opportunistic chance of science," says Gilroy. The laboratory did not investigate the wounds of the plants. It was to see how plants absorb and assimilate information. One day, the postdoctoral researcher and first author of the article, Masatsugu Toyota, approached the team: "You must see this. It's incredible, he said. It happened before us, says Gilroy.

Fighting or flying in factories is more like "Repulse and Rebuild"

Struggle or flight is not an appropriate answer for 80% of life on earth that moves slowly and is tied to the ground. The factories must perform a sophisticated treatment of information.

"If you're an animal, dealing with the world at a certain level is relatively simple because you do not really need to know what's going on," Gilroy says. "All you need to know is if something bad happens and you go" Oh, oh, that's not okay. I do not really know what's going on, but I'm going to leave. "The move gives you a huge" withdrawal "that does not require you to be extremely sophisticated … But for a factory, it does not have that luxury. The factories need to know a lot more.

The prospect of a plant

"In response to an injury, there are a lot of things you want to trigger if you are a plant," says Gilroy. "Someone chews my leaf. I want all my leaves now have a terrible taste to survive. But I must also deal with the fact that I have now lost a piece of leaf or lost a limb. "The fast information system of a factory is to" panic ", then there is a whole series of development things. that you will trigger. Long-term things that are only designed to replace and regenerate and manage the fact that bad things have happened and you may have lost a part of yourself. For an animal that could be devastating. But for the factory, the way they treat is that they rebuild themselves. "

The architecture of the plant has the same "theme" as our own nervous system

The fluorescent wave that crosses the vein of the plant evokes the imaging of nerve impulses. "You want to make it a nerve conduction, because that's what it looks like," says Gilroy. "But there's no nerves, so you have to take a step back," adds Gilroy, " It looks like a bit of the nervous system has been somehow kept inside a plant – but not quite so. It sounds a bit like that, but clearly, it's not what it is. Scientists already knew that plants and animals (including us) had to do the same body thing at a fundamental level to treat the interactions between our body and the environment. "The most amazing thing is that we can now visualize the same types of processes as in plants." The architecture of the plant, its anatomy, is remarkably different from ours given all the other similarities. "The types of cells that transmit the signal are clearly not nerve cells, but the goal is the same. Something serious happens in one part of the body and he quickly tries to tell another part of the body to do something about it.

And after?

Gilroy says this work is still in its infancy, but he is excited about what will happen. to find out if they have found the information exchange system, to be able to tell the factories that they are about to be attacked so that they can defend themselves preventively. "Classical science: You think you've found one thing and a thousand questions come from it."

Simon Gilroy, professor of botany at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, meets with his graduate students as part of an independent research at Birge Hall on March 2, 2018. Gilroy received a Distinguished Teaching Award in 2018. (Photo of Bryce Richter / UW-Madison)Bryce Richter / UW-Madison