105,000 years ago in the Kalahari desert, people invented a complex culture

125,000 to 70,000 years ago, people started doing very modern things: collecting small items for no practical reason, decorating items with pigments, and storing water and maybe even food in it. containers. The oldest known sites with evidence of these behaviors are found along the southern African coastline. Today most of these important sites are on the coast, but even during the Pleistocene when the sea level was lower, they would have been close enough that the people who lived there could use the marine resources.

And according to an idea from paleoanthropology, something about this way of life allowed these early people – or maybe prompted them – to innovate. Their distant neighbors who lived far from the sea were believed to lag behind the cultural era. But Griffith University archaeologist Jayne Wilkins and her colleagues recently uncovered evidence that landlocked people were just as hip and modern as their counterparts on the coast.

Mark one for the hover country

At Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter, there is a layer of sediment dating from 105,000 years ago and dotted with stone tools. In it, Wilkins and his colleagues found a large chunk of red ocher, worn flat and streaked on both sides, as if it had been used as a pigment. The rock shelter also contained a cache of translucent white calcite crystals, which had not been worked or used as tools; it looked like someone had gathered the crystals just to have them, or perhaps as a ritual offering. Several pieces of broken and burnt ostrich eggshell, buried in the same layer, may have already retained water reserves.

The Ga-Mohana Hill artifacts are roughly the same age as the oldest similar finds on the coast, according to optically stimulated luminescence dating, which measures when the quartz grains in the sediment were last exposed. times to light – in this case, about 105,000 years ago. It was around the same time that people along the southern African coast began collecting seashells for no apparent practical purpose, while the people of Diepkloof Rockshelter in South Africa stored their water in the most old known ostrich eggshell containers.

It sounds like an almost ridiculously simple idea for a 21^st human century: if you put things in a bigger thing, you can transport them more easily and store them for later. But we’ve had at least 200,000 years of experience figuring out how to do things. At one point in our ancient prehistoric times, containers were an incredible new idea. It would have been, as Wilkins and his colleagues put it, “a crucial innovation for early humans.”

The conclusion of these findings is that the inhabitants of the interior of Africa were not at all behind the coastal cultures. Some of the most important innovations in human prehistory occurred in several parts of the continent around the same time.

Testing the coastal hypothesis

If you’re not an archaeologist, it may seem obvious that the people living inland could be just as innovative as the people living on the coast, but all the evidence archaeologists had so far told a story. different. The oldest traces of a whole series of new human behaviors (at the time) have all been found at sites relatively close to the coast. In the interior of Africa, in places like the Kalahari Basin, we found evidence that people were present around 100,000 years ago, but there was no indication that they were storing their water in sea shells. ‘eggs, colored objects with pigments or collected shiny objects.

But according to Wilkins and his colleagues, it has more to do with geology than with what people actually did in the distant past. “Stratified Late Pleistocene sites with good preservation and robust chronologies are rare within southern Africa,” they wrote in their recent article. The result is what they describe as “a strong bias in favor of coastal sites which marginalizes the role of inland populations,” which, in their own words, “[has] has always been problematic. “

The Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter artifacts are the earliest evidence that people living far from the coast invented some key cultural concepts at around the same time as coastal dwellers. And that tells us something important about our past: Many people, in many different environments, have found similar solutions to similar problems and things that they care about.

Nature, 2021 DOI: 10.1038 / s41586-021-03419-0 (About DOIs).