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After 300 years of division and fragmentation following the collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220 AD, China was once again unified under the Sui Dynasty (581-618).
The political and governmental institutions put in place during this brief period lay the foundation for the growth and prosperity of the next Tang Dynasty.
Marked by a strong and benevolent ruler, successful diplomatic relations, economic expansion and cultural bloom of cosmopolitan style, Tang China is imposed as one of the greatest empires of the medieval world.
Merchants, religious and envoys from India, Persia, Arabia, Syria, Korea, and Japan invaded the streets of Chang'an, the capital, and foreign languages were part of everyday life.
In the early decades of Tang, especially under the leadership of Emperor Taizong (626-499), China subjugated its nomadic neighbors to the north and northwest, ensuring peace and security on land-based trade routes ranging from until Syria and Rome.
The seventh century was a period of profound social change. the official examination system allows educated men without family ties to serve as government officials.
This new social elite has gradually replaced the old aristocracy and the recruitment of gentlemen from the south has contributed to the cultural fusion begun in the sixth century.
The eighth century marked the beginning of the second era of Tang history, largely under the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (712-56), called Minghuang – the brilliant monarch.
It is rightly classed as the classical period of Chinese art and literature, insofar as it establishes the high level aspired by later poets, painters and sculptors.
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