"Our ancestors fought with all their neighbors. Historian of the most famous battles On Time

Who is he?

Vladimir Podalinsky, head of the history of Belarus of ancient times and the Middle Ages, the historical faculty of BSU, candidate of the historical sciences.

The Battle of Grunwald. One of the greatest battles of medieval Europe

In 1191 January, Pope Clement and published a bull, which founded the "German fraternity of St. Mary in Jerusalem", later he is became a famous Teutonic Order. Official whose task was to protect the German knights, treating patients and fighting against the enemies of the Catholic Church.

But noble slogans quickly became a few words. Under the pretext of fighting with the Gentiles conquered the territory order, grew rich at their own expense, build castles and gain strength. For two centuries, the Teutons were considered invincible. ON for this were the main enemies of

-. From the beginning of the XIII century, begins an armed clash of lands of Lithuania and Belarus and the Crusaders – says Vladimir Padalinski. – The first of the Crusades lands suffered Baltic countries, Prussia, today Lithuania and Latvia. Later, Crusaders began arriving on the ground in western Belarus Neman – Grodno, Novogrudok, Oshmjany, Lida. The knights (Germanic party, which was deployed in Riga) periodically emptied Polotsk soil. In response to ON conducted punitive expeditions to the destruction of the fortresses and capturing the population in captivity. The same well-known David de Hrodna distinguishes by the fact that the organization of this difficult trek deep into the lands of the Teutonic Order

-. The relationship with the Crusaders, moreover, evolved differently, – continues the historian. – For example, the western region of Lithuania known all Zhamoyt, moved in one hand, then the other. If Vytautas and Jagellon were to come to terms with the Crusaders, they signed a contract and gave Zhamoyt a run. But if the situation changed, they remembered both on the field, and started the fight.

The culmination of the confrontation was the Great War of 1409-1411 years. It began because of the fact that in the spring of 1409 Zhamoyt revolted against the Crusaders. The rebels supported Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas, and later the Polish king Jagiello (Interestingly, a few years before Samogitia flashed a similar revolt, but Vytautas helped the crusaders inhibited)

-. The first to fight the forces of Vytautas and Tatars. Crusaders rebuked them, it is possible that this is a special maneuver to break the ranks of the enemy, – says the historian. – The battle was actually all day. More than once, it seemed that the Crusaders will win. They, by the way, are put in the fight all the reserves and even went to the back of Jagellon, but they were surrounded and destroyed.

Only in the evening troops of Lithuania and Poland reverse the situation of. Teutonic Knights lost two-thirds of the army were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. The battle was lost, and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Ulrich von Jungingen and many of the most influential people of the order of

-. After this battle, the troops Jagellon and Vytautas went to the capital of Teutonic Knights Malbork. Two months tried to take it by storm, it was not possible, but in the end was forced to go to the peace Teutons Toruń, which was signed in 1411, – said Vladimir. – on Zhamoyt and left Poland – land Dobrzyń

-. There is a common opinion that has defeated the Teutonic Order, and after the Battle of Grunwald, it was gone. However, opposition to the Order continued for about 50 years. The value of the battle was in the other. The authority of the Teutonic Order in Europe has been blown up. He is arrested for political and financial support, he no longer publish the mercenaries. In fact, this battle marked the beginning of the end of the Order and Crusades became less and less

The Battle of Grunwald, in fact, became one of the greatest battles in the world. Medieval Europe

– .. Myth appeared in the nineteenth century Crusaders were going to seize the Slavs, Germanized and okatolichit. However, no historical evidence of this. This was the usual fight for money, the people and the land, – told the historian

Kletsk battle .. "The Tartars reached Minsk and Novogrudok, traveled near the capital"

From the beginning of its existence, ON and fought with the Mongols. Most of Russia and Kiev itself at the moment to pay homage to the Mongols, they have made devastating predatory raids on the land, on which people have suffered and the economy.

First great victorious battle between the Tatars and Lithuania was a battle at the blue water river. It took place in 1362 between the troops of Duke Algirdas ON as well as the Kiev militia and the combined forces of Crimea, and hordes Perekopskaya Yambalukskay.

On the very battle under the blue waters of the information is that in some chronicles, but did not find a specific place where it took place. There is no archaeological evidence of it, so some historians have questioned whether it is at all or not want to get this columnist. After all, not the number of troops or any particular unknown date

-. After this battle of central and northern Ukraine was a part of Lithuania and part of its territory was liberated from the Mongols – The historian. – Thus, the Black Sea has not yet been reached, and Kiev paid tribute to the Tatars, but the situation began to change. Tatar-Mongolians had no idea of ​​the danger, as soon as

Because of this battle because, has become itself more and more obvious to the east, more and more small principalities -. Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian – began to join ON and began to surrender to the allies

-. They saw that Vilnius and can protect them on Tatars and that is a real strength. At the beginning of the XV century, ON was the undisputed center of the "Russian" badociation, namely the lands of the ancient Rus & # 39; Kievian – adds Vladimir. – Thus, Moscow has already started to claim their right to the "Russian" land badociation. But in the early fifteenth century Vilnius was absolute authority, as it tends to weaken the Tatars and drag the land themselves.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde in the fifteenth century, it was created the Khanate of Crimea. Interestingly, before this event had a hand in the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir. He thought that the Crimean Tatars are allies and will allow the hands of the Crimean Tatars to influence the remains of the Golden Horde. It does not work. Khanate of Crimea became dependent on the Ottoman Empire

-. Since the late fifteenth century Crimean Tatars began almost a year to make devastating attacks on Lithuanian lands. all, on the Ukraine first, but reached and Belarus – Minsk, Novogrudok, almost to the very near Vilnius – adds a historian. – This has been a very serious problem because they are very mobile, had light cavalry and could quickly pbad the country and come back. So fast that ON did not have the time even to muster an army and react to it. In this case, the Mongol-Tatars loot the land and the people were taken captive. The losses have been enormous.

to stop these devastating raids Battle of Kletsk. It was held on August 5, 1506. The troops at that time was led by Prince Michael Glinski

-. The exceptional personality of time. A descendant of the Tatar family (there are versions of this kind Mamaev), was at the courts in Western Europe, there was courtier and military education, – says Vladimir. – The people on these were not enough. He had chivalrous behavior, education, driving, the combat experience of modern Europe. At that time, he was a man of modern times, not like everyone else.

Army 7000 reunited fairly quickly and went to Tatar camp near Kletsk. Glinski actually forced the Tartars to join the fray, because, as a rule, they tried to turn away from these battles. On the part of the Tatars at that time was 4000 people

-. The army was able to defeat thanks to Glinski's tactics and talent, – the historian says. – He is very good artillery and used rifles – he was at the time of Western influences. Tatar army managed to divide and take in pincers and break. He was taken prisoner huge – about 40 thousand slaves, they were going to bring the Tatars in Crimea. For comparison, the largest city ON, Vilnius, at that time there were about 50 thousand people in Polotsk – one of the big Belarussian cities – about 15 thousand. The prisoner took about 2-3,000 Tatars

After the defeat of the Tatar troops stood near the camp for several days and destroyed these troops, returning from a robbery, not knowing anything that either

– .. After this battle for a long but until now on the territory of Belarus Tatars is not going. The attacks on Ukrainian soil has been, but until now, do not receive – concludes the historian

Orcha battle .. "The documents on the Prince of Moscow called" l & # 39; Dedichnym enemy "

– Certainly, ON, as well as other European countries at war with all its neighbors – noted the historian. – However, Muscovy was special. Even in documents and chronicles ON noted that the Prince of Moscow – a "dedichny enemy", which means hereditary

The war with the principality of Moscow throughout history there was many, and they could liberate on each side (although more often, princes of Moscow) were all their initiators. Naryklad, 1492-1537 between March and Muscovy was 5 wars, with a total length of 24 years

most famous fighting time – Orcha. It is the biggest battle of the war between the march and the principality of Moscow 1512-1522 period. She continued about Krapivna Orcha River

-. It is very common to see an inflated number of participants. Write that on the part of the ON was about 30,000, and Moscow – about 80 thousand. This, of course, an exaggeration, – says Vladimir. – The actual – other figures: some 25 thousand were from ON and somewhere 35-40000 by the State of Moscow

The troops led by Constantin Ostrog .. He was one of the commanders the most talented of. He noted in the battles with the Tatars, according to legend, Constantin Ostrog participated in 60 fights, of which the winner emerges. However, during the wars ON and Moscow in 1500-1503 years Constantine Ostrog captured. He was forced to take an oath of allegiance to Prince Vasili III – father of Ivan the Terrible. He did, however, a year later escaped ON again. There he was, and again named ataman.

The battle took place on the morning of September 8th. Troops of the Principality of Moscow led by magistrates chelyadnins and Bulgakov-Holytsia

-. The battle was conducted very well, again with good artillery. It is believed that part of the Moscow army was lured to artillery positions and just fired – says Vladimir. – This could be one of the factors that managed to defeat and capture a few dozen Muscovites

-. However, the results of the battle, too, sometimes exaggerated. The situation in the war itself has not changed much. Yes, there was a large-scale, deep campaign in Lithuania, which was planned, and it tore up. But Smolensk, who seized the principality of Moscow, then at that time and remained in its composition. But international relations on this victory affected a lot. The fact that the Prince of Moscow planned to form an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire against Poland and ON – adds the historian

-. Was it such antyyagelonskay coalition plan. Negotiations were active. And in the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg dynasty, which is not very good looking Jagiello. They therefore, in principle, considered the project of union with Russia, in order to weaken Jagellon. Following the victory of Orcha these plans were thwarted, and the Habsburgs then normalized relations with Jagellon become good friends with them.

from Kircholm. "Brilliant, but a turning point in the war did not result in"

This battle was one of the most important of the first war between the Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Sweden 1600-1629 years ago for control of Livonia (the area on the territory of modern Latvia and Estonia).

– Sigismund III Vasa was King of the Commonwealth and heir to the King of Sweden. After the death of his father, Sweden, in theory, should have been united with Poland by the personal union. After all, in both states would be a leader – says Vladimir

-. Sigismund went to Stockholm, the coronation was held there. However, there was a revolt against Sigismund after a while in Sweden. It was led by Carl – uncle of the new king. Sigismund he went to suppress it, and was taken prisoner. King was released, but supporters of his uncle past "detronizatsiyu" said it is not their king Sigismund, and recognized by King Charles. In 1945, the war between Sweden and the Commonwealth. Clue is that both times this year Estonia joined the Sigismund land at the Commonwealth. The selection of particular, it was not: before the Commonwealth election to the throne, he promised to do it. Sigismund hesitated for more than 10 years, but had to keep his word

-. Formally, the war started just because of that, the Swedes did not want to give this land, – says the historian. -. However, in reality, Sigismund not fight so much for the land as for the title of King of Sweden

The turning point took place in 1605. Swedes again besieged Riga. If they had won in the colony, they could easily take Inflyanty completely

25 September chetyrehtysyachnoy army of the Commonwealth led by the great Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz went to Riga, to lift the siege of

– .. September 26, the Swedish King Karl I learned from the approach of the Army and Commonwealth, and led his 7000th Army to meet them. Due to military talent Jan Karol Chodkiewicz managed to attract the Swedes comfortable positions and inflict a decisive blow, – explains Vladimir

Army met on September 27 in a small town Kircholm -. Is a modern city in Latvia, Salaspils. However, the situation was difficult for the Swedes, their campaign ran out and heavy rain. Meanwhile, the principality troops just in time to rest

-. It was a brilliant victory. Karl troops were defeated – about 6000 Swedes were taken prisoner and ON only 100 people were killed, – says Vladimir. – King Charles was injured and almost captured. This battle was famous in terms of military prowess. But here are the results of the victory not being used, and a turning point in the war could not be … I think the battle was a lost opportunity. Even then we began to show the internal problems of the Commonwealth, which reached a rebellion against the king. The hostilities were suspended, which allowed the Swedes to recover and after a while to start a fight. The initiative pbaded to the Swedes, and many of these famous battles have not been in the history of the war.

Khacinski battle. Two months of struggle and 70000 against 210000

Khacinski battle – one of the Commonwealth fighting troops and the Ottoman Empire. It lasted two months: September and October 1621. Huts – a rather famous castle on the territory of modern Ukraine, which enjoys a strategic location

-. The Ottoman Empire, beginning a war with Poland, raised an army of about 150,000 of its warriors, even 60 thousand gathered Crimean Khanate, – says Vladimir Padalinski. – About 210 000 people entered the territory of the Community, and the war began

Army ON and Poland are raised to 30 thousand people, and then they were joined by 40 thousand Cossacks Commonwealth troops led by the famous Jan Karol Chodkiewicz

. The Allied troops came into the lock of the cabin and placed next to him a military camp, – says the historian. – Two-month-old Turks and Tatars led the Commonwealth's badault troops to the camp in a bid to break them. They would then have opened a clear path to Rzeczpospolita, then to Europe. It is understandable that they have no one after arrest. Two months they fought. Thanks to Ivan King Chodkiewicz, his talent, the Ottomans were defeated

-. The name of Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, we do not often remembered, but he is one of the most talented commanders of. As a result of these battles the Turks and Tatars lost about 80 thousand people, and were forced to sign the world is in fact under the terms of the Commonwealth, – the expert adds

-. For ON and zhyhrov ON as in my opinion this battle much more than the famous battle of Vienna, when Jean Sobieski, king of the Commonwealth, defeated the army 110000th of the Turks in Vienna. Then Jan III Sobieski was called the savior of Europe. But here the troops in this battle is not even involved. Таму нашага ўкладу там не было, цяжка яе залічыць як старонку нашай вайсковай славы. Хацінская бітва – яна сапраўды такая значная і славутая для нас, – заключае Уладзімір Падалінскі.

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