Why Nicholas 2's family was not saved



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One hundred years ago, on July 17, 1918, the execution of the royal family in the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg was the subject of endless historical research, conspiracy theories, novels, films, rumors and conjectures. (1894-1917). Photo of Wikipedia "border =" 0 "data-zoom =" 1 "height =" 517 "hspace =" 0 "src =" https://img.tyt.by/n/0b/7/car1.jpg "title = "The Russian Emperor Nicholas II (1894-1917). Photo of Wikipedia "vspace =" 0 "width =" 350 "/>

The Russian Emperor Nicholas II (1894-1917). Photo of Wikipedia

One of the invariably burning aspects of this story remains the question of all: is it possible to save the Romanovs? All supporters of the royal family in Russia, their parents in the European monarchies – especially in Britain – to avoid a tragic denouement?

The famous British historian Helen Rappaport seeks the answer to these questions in her new book dated Tragedy Anniversary.

In the original, the book is called The race to save the Romanovs ("The race for the salvation of the Romanovs"). The subtitle – "The truth about secret plans to save the imperial family of Russia."

Almost simultaneously with the English edition of the book, the Russian publishing house "Eksmo" also published its Russian translation under the title "The Rock of the Romanov Family." history of Russian twentieth century. On his account, books such as "The Conspirator, Lenin in Exile," "Stalin: A Biographical Collection," "Taken by the Revolution, Petrograd, Russia, 1917."

"Rock of the Romanov Family" n & # It is not Helen Rappaport's first book on the tragic fate of the last Russian emperor and his family. In the book "Ekaterinburg." The last days of the Romanovs, she explores the stay of the family in the same house Ipatiev, which becomes her last refuge

And the book "Four Sisters" (the name echoes the "Three Sisters" of Chekhov – Helen Rappaport translated into English all the plays of the great Russian playwright) is the story of the four daughters of the emperor.

The subject seemed to be studied and beaten. What is it? who makes her come back to her? With this question, I started a conversation with Helen Rappaport

A simplified look

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<figcaption> Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexei. Photo from Oleg Lisovsky's Archives </figcaption></figure>
<p>  <strong> Helen Rappaport: </strong> During the ten years of his "journey" into the history of the Romanov family, the more I thought about it, the more I realized that this story was not entirely told. My book "Ekaterinburg: The last days of the Romanovs" – a detailed two-week study in the Ipatiev House, immediately preceding the tragic bloody execution </p>
<p>  However, get acquainted with the critics of this book, as well as the book "Four Sisters" ", meeting with readers, I constantly face accusations and accusations, the essence of which is that the responsibility for the death of the Russian imperial family, for his incapacity or his refusal to take them out of Russia, lies almost entirely on the action or the inaction of the British King George [V19659004] Such a sight misunderstood me as extremely simplistic. He started from the belief that the almighty king seemed to be enough to brandish his magic wand, and that the Romanovs would be on the run. It was strange to me that no one even thought about what really lies behind real events, how much they are wrapped up in myths, speculations and conspiracy theories. I realized that these facts deserved special investigation. </p>
<h2>  The Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet </h2>
<p><strong>  Alexander Kahn: </strong> And you have undertaken this research. However, before addressing directly the role played or not played by the British King and the British political establishment in the possible or impossible salvation of the Romanovs, I would like to dwell more on the period between February. and March 1917, when Nikolai disavowed, and October-November, when the Bolsheviks became stronger in power. One could badume that during these months, it would be much easier for a royal family to leave the country. Why did not it happen? </p>
<p>  <strong> Helen Rappaport: </strong> In fact, they could not leave already. Already two days after the abdication, the whole family was under house arrest, and there was no way to leave them. It must not be forgotten that from the first days of the February Revolution, the newly formed Provisional Government was in constant and very harsh confrontation with the Soviet of Petrograd Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies – it is no coincidence that this period of Russian history calls for dual power. intransigent about the position of the royal family. By no means would it allow the departure of the Romanovs, they were convinced that they should be punished, that they should pay for centuries of autocratic despotism. </p>
<p>  In principle, the Council wanted a trial of Nicholas II and perhaps even of Empress Alexandra. He wanted a form of official retribution from the state, and thus categorically blocked any attempts and any form of comfortable emigration from the imperial family. </p>
<p>  <strong> Alexander Kahn: </strong> But what was, strictly speaking, the position of the Provisional Government itself? They were ready to release the Romanovs? </p>
<p>  <strong> Helen Rappaport: </strong> Yes, the Provisional Government knew that to find the Romanovs in Russia was one of the most serious problems in the country and they would gladly get rid of this burden. </p>
<p>  At first, while the Romanovs remained under house arrest, there remained the risk of revolutionary soldiers and sailors going to Tsarskoye Selo and storming the palace. Alexander, where the detainees were stormed. </p>
<p>  While the king's family remained in Russia, they were the ideological center and the subject of a possible counter-revolutionary monarchist insurgency is fraught with a new spiral of blood and political chaos. </p>
<h2>  Concerns about King </h2>
<figure clbad=  King George V in coronation costume in the picture Luc Fildes. Photo: Wikipedia
King George V English in coronation attire in the image of Luke Fields. Photo: Wikipedia

Alexander Kahn: So, let's move on to the question, according to your own admission, which has become the main reason for writing the book and to which you lend a lot of money. beware – about the role of George V and the British government this whole story. The title of one of the chapters in your book "With Every Day the King Expresses Growing Concern" – a quote from the letter from the personal secretary of the Stamfordham Monarch, Foreign Minister Balfour – testifies to the indifferent attitude of the king to the problem. What was the problem? In his indecision? Reluctantly, unable to be firm with their own government, which seems to be in a different and harder position?

Helen Rappaport: Let's start with the personal position of the king. George V, as we know, was a cousin of Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra. And, as a close relative of the Russian imperial family, he was certainly eager to help them. He wrote the complete friendly arrangement of Nikki's letter, and in the eyes of the public Nikki and Georgie, in addition incredibly similar to each other, were perceived as "divine twins."

The main problem, however, was that, unlike Nikki's cousin, Georgie was not a ruler, he was not an autocrat, he was a constitutional monarch. He had neither the right nor the ability to give anyone the order or order to go to Russia to save the emperor and his family. He could only express his wishes to the government

. As for the government, its first reaction was not to react at all to this problem. One of the most prevalent misconceptions is that British authorities were full of desire and willingness to help.

None of this! The British cabinet offered no badistance until it was forced to give in to the urgent reminders of the Provisional Minister of Foreign Affairs, Miliukov. Miliukov, on several occasions, appealed to London through the British ambbadador to Russia to ask him to provide a refuge for the imperial family, at least for the moment.

People also tend to forget that. This was by no means a question of permanent, only temporary, asylum until the end of the war, which, it was believed, would also solve the problem of the Romanov's stay in Russia. Therefore, Georg, even after his government, yielding to the pressure of his ally – we will not forget that Russia and Britain were allies In the ongoing war, nevertheless formulated a formal invitation, nevertheless began to doubt the opportunity of such a step.

The reason for these doubts was the very bad reputation that had developed in Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra after the events of 1905. He was called only "Bloody Nikolai". In Great Britain and other European countries, the antipathy inspired by the leftist political forces towards the Russian emperor was widespread. Thus, before the British government and before the king himself, the inevitable question arises: how to grant shelter to such a king and even to his German wife in the conditions of the war against Germany affects the stability and stability of the British monarchy itself? The Hated Empress

Alexander Kahn: You quote in the book an editorial of the conservative British newspaper Globe, which, as a main argument against granting asylum to the royal family, designates a person and the nature of empress Alexandra. What was the basis of such antipathy for the wife of Nicholas II?

Helen Rappaport: This was really a huge problem. I was shocked to see the many personal letters and diaries, dislike, even hate, of her in most of the royal houses of Europe. She was considered a neurasthenic arrogant, too powerful, non-communicative.

At the same time, the personal tragedy of Alexandra was that being really German, she married Nicholas and took Orthodoxy and became a sincere and pbadionate patriot of Russia. However, she failed to get rid of suspicions of secret sympathy for Germany. Everywhere, rumors are spreading that he secretly sympathizes with Germany, which he spies almost in his favor and that he is participating with Rasputin in a conspiracy against Russia. In other words, she was not only hated and slandered. It can be said that it was simply demonized.

The fantasies of Wilhelm and his possible "appendices"

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<figcaption> Photo: wikimedia.org </figcaption></figure>
<p>  <strong> Alexander Kahn: </strong> Your book seems to categorically sweep away all these suspicions. One of the chapters is simply called Alexandra's statement: "I would rather die in Russia than agree to save by the hands of Germany." At the same time, there is a theory that the Kaiser Wilhelm, also a cousin of Nicholas, possessed the best, in any case, more favorable than Georg, the possibilities of saving the Russian tsar. Why was she so opposed to this scenario? </p>
<p>  <strong> Helen Rappaport: </strong> And then the reason for personal antipathies. She despised Wilhelm with all his pbadion. Yes, and he did not like him very much, he was much more receptive to his sister Ella, who even wanted to get married. </p>
<p>  However, even if we forget sympathies and personal antipathies, the only thought of accepting the help of Germany was Nicholas and Alexandra completely unacceptable. Especially after the peace of Brest, in the conditions where Wilhelm, taking advantage of the betrayal of the Bolsheviks to his allies in the war, accompanied them in a separate peace and received in exchange for huge Russian territories. </p>
<p>  Yes, Wilhelm rocked fantasies as the heroic savior of the Romanovs, but in reality it was nothing more than a fantasy, and there was no way to save them anymore from him that no matter who else. The only time this possibility was realistic was when the peace of Brest was concluded. The Bolsheviks of the time desperately needed a peaceful respite which, with territorial concessions, could concede to the Germans, during the negotiations, the role of "makeup artist" and the royal family. Nevertheless, you pay much attention in the book to absolutely concrete plans – including with the participation of the British military and intelligence services – to evacuate the Romanovs from the other side of the sea via Murmansk or Arkhangelsk. . or by rail through Finland. </p>
<p>  <strong> Helen Rappaport: </strong> To be honest, we can not say with absolute certainty to what extent these plans have expanded. As soon as the British government's official proposal was made [март 1917 года — Би-би-си] the British ambbadador to Russia, Sir George Buchanan, began negotiating with Miliukov and, in all likelihood, with Kerensky on the evacuation routes. Nikolai himself expressed the desire to leave Romanov-on-Murmansk, now Murmansk, Finland or Norway, founded in the autumn of 1916 and named in honor of the imperial dynasty. </p>
<p>  But, I repeat,. If any documentation about them was, it's not preserved, or is so secret that access to it always stays closed a hundred years later. We do not know whether the British sent a ship to Murmansk, but according to other evidence, we can badume that in the first stage – in March-April 1917 – units of the army or military services British intelligence were ready to proceed with the evacuation. Although, I repeat, we do not have a reliable confirmation and that, apparently, these plans were quickly abandoned. </p>
<p>  Once again, the question of saving the Romanovs appeared a year later. the privation to which the royal family is exposed, and the grave danger in which it is found in Siberia, at Tobolsk. But as soon as they were transported to Yekaterinburg, there was almost no chance of escape </p>
<h2>  Illusionary plans of the monarchists </h2>
<p><strong>  Alexander Kahn: </strong> You mentioned Tobolsk. You also write in the book on the plans of the Russian monarchists to save the Romanovs and evacuate them from Siberia. Tell us more about that. </p>
<p>  <strong> Helen Rappaport: </strong> Unfortunately, the Russian monarchists were absolutely hopeless. They had a lot of ideas and plans, but all were impracticable. They did not have enough people, money and organizational resources to do that. There was not even enough special training to plan such a difficult operation. </p>
<p>  Theoretically, from Tobolsk, they could probably be rescued – the security there was not very rigid and not too radically Bolshevik, she might not even contribute, so not resist too much But suppose that they could really be released there. What is the next? The plans of the monarchists were to sit them on horseback and move thousands of miles south to Semipalatinsk. Or hide them in an Old Believers' Monastery somewhere in the Siberian hinterland. But imagine such a journey on horseback for seven people, among whom was a physically weak queen, never, even at the best moments, not distinguished by force, and seriously ill Prince. To succeed, they had to wait for the night, change horses, people, food for the people, food for horses, all along the way. All this required careful planning, the most serious preparation and considerable funds. According to the documents that I found, there was nothing like it among the monarchists </p>
<h2>  The responsibility of the king </h2>
<figure clbad=  A photo of the archives of Oleg Lisovsky
Фото из архива Олега Лисовского

Александр Кан: Вернемся к наиболее интересному и болезненному для Британии вопросу об ответственности и, возможно, вине короля Георга и британского правительства в трагической судьбе Романовых. ? Досконально изучив проблему, считаете ли вы лично, что такая ответственность есть

Хелен Раппапорт: Наверное, короля Георга можно упрекнуть в моральной трусости, в колебаниях и нерешительности. Если бы он на самом деле изо всех сил хотел спасения своего кузена и его семьи, он мог бы действовать куда более настойчиво и вынудил бы свое правительство провести быструю, энергичную и решительную операцию по эвакуации.

Возможно, это возымело бы какой-нибудь эффект. Но после тщательного изучения всех документов и анализа всех возможностей, мне кажется, что физические препятствия, логистика, связанная с доставкой семьи из Царского Села в Мурманск. – все это было труднопреодолимо

Самый верный шанс был буквально в первые дни после отречения, еще до ареста – на поезде в Финляндию до города Торнио на шведской границе and оттуда уже до норвежского побережья. . Но действовать нужно было мгновенно

Маршрут через Мурманск или Архангельск требовал времени – нужно было ждать, пока сойдет лед

Просто посадить их на поезд и отправить на запад через Минск в Польшу тоже было невозможно. – там шла война, там . были немцы

Поэтому вывод у меня такой – какими бы ни были намерения и решимость британского короля и британских властей – планы бегства были, скорее всего, неосуществимы

А если бы

Александр Кан: .? И последний вопрос. История сослагательного наклонения не имеет, но все же. Если бы какой-нибудь из этих планов оказался успешным, и Романовым удалось бежать на Запад, что, как вы думаете, стало бы с ними? Как бы это повлияло на борьбу с большевиками? Готов был бы Николай стать во главе этой борьбы? . Ведь он к тому времени казался уже человеком, смертельно уставшим от власти, от политики

Хелен Раппапорт: Одно для меня совершенно ясно. Царем Николай больше категорически быть не хотел. Конечно, было немало монархистов, да и не только монархистов, но и членов Временного правительства, депутатов Думы, кто хотел бы восстановления монархии. Но не самодержавной монархии, а конституционной, и не с Николаем, а с Алексеем при регентстве брата Николая Михаила.

Но и этот вариант развития представляется не очень вероятным. У Алексея была гемофилия, и долго бы он вряд ли прожил, врачи не были уверены, что он доживет до 20. Михаил, стоит напомнить, и сам отрекся от престола на следующий день после отречения Николая, который в своем эдикте передавал трон брату. Михаил сам, как мне кажется, хотел уехать из России. Поэтому шансов на восстановление монархии практически не было.

Что же касается самих Романовых, то, если бы они действительно добрались до Англии, я думаю, их полностью устроила бы относительно скромная жизнь где-нибудь в деревенском поместье, в тишине, вдали от любопытных глаз, где Николай мог бы рубить дрова, заниматься садом, играть с детьми и внуками. Много им не нужно было, кроме того, чтобы быть вместе

Проблема, однако, заключалась в том. – и именно в этом главная причина того, что их в конце концов убили – что, где бы они ни находились, они неизбежно рано . или поздно стали бы фокусом и средоточием всех контрреволюционных сил

Александра страстно желала спастись – не столько ради себя, сколько ради Алексея. Для нее было жизненно важно, чтобы ее любимый сын выполнил свое предназначение и стал царем. Именно этого она желала больше всего на свете. Именно поэтому она в предреволюционные годы отказывалась от в политических компромиссов, упорно и догматически не хотела идти ни на какие уступки. Монархия, самодержавие, царский трон должны были быть сохранены, чтобы в один прекрасный момент на него мог воссесть ее возлюбленный сын