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We previously had all of these devices allowing us to record unimaginable images of the human body – from the inside to the outside and more and more easily – the art and the l & # 39; Anatomy went hand in hand.
When everything depended on the eye. and the hand, and the human anatomy being revealed, the artists explored the body almost as much as the doctors, to better represent their characters.
In the same way, doctors have tried more or less the art. degree to illustrate what they discovered.
The results of their efforts range from the most curious to the most astonishing, as you will see in this small sample below.
1. Simplicity in a 14th century work
The skeleton and internal organs of the torso in an illustration of " Anathomia" (1345) of the Italian anatomist Guido da Vigevano (1280-1349).
Vigevano, one of the first anatomists of the medieval era, was also the first to provide anatomical works of art in his works. manuscripts.
2. The Wounded
One of the most curious anatomical illustrations is known as Wounded Man. These were anatomical diagrams illustrating the various injuries and the most common places injuries that a man could receive during a battle or by accident.
There are several versions of the latter and it is believed that the first was made by Johannes de Ketham in his book " Fasciculus Medicinae " (printed in 1491).
This one appeared in the Jerome Brunschwig's Surgery Book published in Strasbourg. in 1497.
Injured men continued to appear in medical manuscripts until the seventeenth century, sometimes also showing illnesses and remedies.
3. The doctor who corrected Galen
The man who revolutionized our knowledge of the human body, Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564), is also the author of one of the most elegant and influential books in the world. 39, Histoire scientifique, De humani corporis fabrica ("On the structure of the human body"), which continues to reverberate to this day.
The 7 volumes of the book contain more than 200 illustrations, many of which remain among the most beautiful anatomical images ever produced.
They were drawn by Vesalius and Jan Stephen van Calcar, a pupil of the artist Titian, thus showed the human body not an inert but lively and moving flesh, or, as in this example, with a degree drama that I had not seen before.
The corpses in which Vesalus was working were rare and he frequently used dead bodies stolen from graves or convicted criminals.
4. A woman
Although at first glance, this image may seem romanticized to that of a woman, with a large flower covering the noble parts, an illustration of the last phase of fetal development . On the right, the explanation.
And he has two intellectual writers.
Giulio Cesare Cbaderi was born around 1552 to Piacenza, in a poor family. To study medicine at the distinguished University of Padua, he was to be the servant of another student.
Later, he was a servant of the famous Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente (c.1533-1619), before taking office as director of Surgery and Anatomy. He was well known for his research on the anatomy of speech and auditory organs. Around 1600, he began working on an anatomical atlas of the entire human body, but he died without completing it in 1616.
Adriaan van de Spiegel was born in Brussels in 1578. After Medicine and philosophy studies in Leuven went to the University of Padua to study medicine with Cbaderi and Fabrici. After the death of Cbaderi, he was appointed Director of Anatomy and Surgery in Padua and died in that city in 1625.
Spiegle left an uninformed anatomical text entitled " format fetu liber singularis ". His son-in-law edited and to accompany him, he obtained 9 copper plate engravings that Cbaderi had created for his work on general anatomy.
Here is one of them.
5.
This work appeared in "Anatomy of the Human Body" by the Spanish medieval anatomist Juan Valverde de Amusco, published in 1560 is a sample of a current of anatomical illustrations that may seem special to us.
Not only did bodies with dissected bodies appear upright, in positions they would have taken in life and inserted into a landscape, but, like this, they carried in their hands the skin that had been removed to reveal their muscles.
6. Expressive skeletons
For a time, skeletons also appeared in their context.
Some of the most memorable examples are the illustrations from the book "Osteology" (1732) in which the English surgeon William Cheselden gave the first complete and accurate description of the anatomy of the human skeletal system
. This kneeling skeleton is one of them.
7. Sometimes, little is much
Let's start with a simple illustration and end with a simple.
The images show a glimpse of the shape of the body. in 4 postures : standing, leaning, bending over and bending over.
The main body curves – the neck, thoracic spine (chest), lower back (lower), pelvis, hips and knees are labeled with letters and are represented evenly balanced on both sides of the center of gravity (vertical line) in all postures.
The work of anatomical art was published in " .The human foot and the human hand ", from the anatomist and British physician George Murray Humphry , in 1861.
An Extra
Aunq If we are not exactly the image of a human body, we could not resist this "exoskeleton" designed by the Italian anatomist Girolamo Fabrizi. Acquapendente because it seemed at first sight to be designed for a sci-fi movie. [19659002] This is the illustration of an Oplomoclion, an orthopedic corset for the correction of the deformities of the vertebral column and extremities, conceived by Fabrici, which appeared in " Opera Chirurgica de Fabricius ", and published in 1582.
There are also three-dimensional metal models similar to this illustration that may have been used to teach students articulation, dislocations, limb injuries and their subsequent processing.
Fabrici (c 1553-1619) is Professor of Anatomy at the University of Padua, Italy, since 1565.
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