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We previously had all of these devices allowing us to record unimaginable images of the human body – from the inside to the outside and more and more easily – the art and the l & # 39; Anatomy went hand in hand.
When everything depended on the eye. and the hand, and the human anatomy being revealed, the artists explored the body almost as much as the doctors, in order to better represent their characters.
In the same way, physicians introduced themselves to the art – to a greater or lesser degree – to be able to illustrate what they were discovering.
The results of his efforts range from the most curious to the most astonishing, as you will see in this small sample below.
1. Simplicity, in a work of the fourteenth century
The skeleton and internal organs of the torso illustrated by " Anathomia" (1345) of the Italian anatomist Guido da Vigevano (1280-1349).
Vigevano, one of the first anatomists of the medieval era, was also the first to provide anatomical works of art in his manuscripts.
2. The wounded
One of the most curious anatomical illustrations is known as the Wounded Man. They were anatomical diagrams illustrating the various wounds and the most common places of wounds that a man could sustain during a battle or by accident.
There are several versions and it is thought that the first was made by Johannes de Ketham in his book " Fasciculus Medicinae " (printed in 1491).
This one appeared in the book of Surgery of Hieronymus Brunschwig published in Strasbourg in 1497.
Injured men continued to appear in medical manuscripts until the seventeenth century, sometimes also showing illnesses and remedies.
3. The doctor who corrected Galen
The man who revolutionized our knowledge of the human body, Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564), was also the author of a the most elegant and influential books in the world. scientific history, From humani corporis fabrica ("On the structure of the human body"), which continues to resonate to this day.
The 7 volumes of the book contain more than 200 illustrations, many of which are still some of the most exquisite anatomical images that have been produced.
They were drawn by Vesalius and Jan Stephen van Calcar, a pupil of the artist Titian, and they showed the human body not as inert but animated and moving flesh, or, as in this example, with a degree of drama that I have not seen until then.
The corpses in which Vesalius worked were rare and he frequently used dead bodies stolen from graves or convicted criminals.
4. A woman
Although at first glance, this image can give a romantic image of the woman, with a large flower covering the noble parts, it is actually a illustration of [1945900] of the last phase of development . On the right you can see the explanation.
And has two intellectual writers.
Giulio Cesare Cbaderi was born around 1552 to Piacenza, in a poor family. To study medicine at the prestigious University of Padua, he had to be in the service of another student.
Later, he was employed by the famous Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente (circa 1533-1619), before occupying his position as director of the department of surgery and anatomy. He was well known for his research on the anatomy of speech and auditory organs. Around 1600, he began working on an anatomical atlas of the entire human body, but he died without completing it in 1616.
Adriaan van de Spiegel was born in Brussels in 1578. After Medicine and philosophy studies in Leuven went to the University of Padua to study medicine with Cbaderi and Fabrici. After the death of Cbaderi, he was appointed director of anatomy and surgery at Padua and died in that city in 1625.
Spiegle left an uninformed anatomical text called " format fetu liber singularis ". His son-in-law edited and to accompany him, he obtained 9 copper plate engravings that Cbaderi had created for his work on general anatomy.
Here is one of them.
5. Without throwing anything
This work was published in "Anatomy of the human body" of the Spanish Spanish anatomist Juan Valverde de Amusco, published in 1560. current anatomical illustrations that may seem special to us.
Not only did bodies with dissected bodies appear upright, in positions they would have taken in life and inserted into a landscape, but they also wore skin that had been removed to reveal their muscles.
6. Expressive skeletons
For a time, skeletons also appeared in their context.
One of the most memorable examples is the illustration of the book "Osteology" (1732) in which the English surgeon William Cheselden gave the first complete description and accurate anatomy of the human skeletal system.
This kneeling skeleton is one of them.
7. Sometimes, that's a lot
We start with a simple illustration to finish with a simple.
The images show an outline of the body shape in 4 postures : Standing, bending, bending and bending forward.
The main body curves – the neck, thoracic spine (thorax), lumbar lower back, pelvis, hips and knees – are labeled with letters and are represented in a balanced manner on both sides of the body. body. center of gravity (vertical line) in all positions.
The anatomical work is published in " The human foot and the human hand " (The foot and the human hand), of the anatomist and British doctor George Murray Humphry, in 1861
A supplement
Although this is not exactly the image of a human body, we could not resist this "exoskeleton" because at first glance, it looked like something designed for a sci-fi movie.
It is the illustration of an Oplomoclion, an orthopedic corset for the correction of spinal deformities and extremities, designed by Fabrici, and published in " Opera Surgery of Fabricius ", published in 1582.
There are also three-dimensional metal models similar to this illustration that may have been used to teach students the articulation, dislocations, limb injuries and subsequent treatments.
Fabrici (c.1553-1619) is professor of anatomy at the University of Padua (Italy) since 1565.
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