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Nearly one in eight children aged 2 to 9 living in India may have at least one neurodevelopmental disorder (NOD), according to prevalence estimates published this week in PLOS Medicine . The study, conducted by Narendra K Arora of INCLEN Trust International, in New Delhi, India, and his colleagues, addresses partially the lack of solid evidence regarding NDD burden and risk factors in India.
Given the prevalence of known risk factors for DDN, it is thought that the burden of NCD in children in India is high – but data to inform policy and programmatic action have been limited. In their study, Arora and colleagues evaluated approximately four thousand children aged 2 to 9 in five geographically diverse sites in India – Kangra, Dhenkbad, Palwal, North Goa, and Hyderabad – for common NDD, including hearing loss ( HI), speech and language disorders, autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability (ID). According to the researchers, the prevalence of any NDD in children varied by site, from about 5% (Dhenkbad) to about 19% (Palwal), with HI and predominant ID. About one-fifth of children with DND had at least two DNDs. Due to site-specific sampling and refusal rate of 15.6%, these estimates can not be considered to be representative of all of India and may be conservative.
The major risk factors for NDD children include homebirth, perinatal asphyxia, infections, and stunting. The authors state: "
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Research Paper
Funding:
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, USA [NIH 1R21-HD53057-01A1] through Fogarty International Center (FIH), Autism Speaks (United States), and The National Trust, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India.Funders had no role in design of studies, collection and badysis of data, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:
The authors stated that it was There is no competing interest 19659002] Quote: [19659002] Arora NK, Nair MKC, S Gulati, Deshmukh V, Mohapatra A, Mishra D, et al. (2018) Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children Aged 2-9 Years: Estimates of Population Burden in Five Regions of India. PLoS Med 15 (7): e1002615. https: /
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Affiliations of the Author:
The INCLEN International Trust, New Delhi, India
Kerala University of Health Sciences, PO Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
Department of Pediatrics, Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Sangath, Bardez, Goa, India
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mbadachusetts, United States of America
Department of Biostatistics, Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Department of Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 10 Himachal Foundation, Dharamshala, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
Center for Applied Research and Education on Neurodevelopmental Impairment and Disability-Related Health Initiatives (CARENIDHI), New Delhi, India
Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
Department of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, California, United States of America
Department of Population Health Sciences and Pediatrics, and Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
School of Nursing of the University of Pennsylvania and School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
Department of Psychiatry, Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Department of Pediatrics, Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Department of Neurology, Paras Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India
Department of Ophthalmology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Department of Pediatric Disciplines, Health City Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behavior and Related Science and Department of Neurophysiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
School of Health Policy and Planning, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for Disorders of the Speech and Hearing, Department of Disability Empowerment, Kasturba Niketan, New Delhi, India
Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana, India
Department of Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Rainbow Children & # 39; s Hospital, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
Department of Pediatrics, Mumbai Port Trust Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Department of Pediatrics, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Department of Neonatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Delhi, India
Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
National Trust, Department of Disability Empowerment, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, Delhi, India
Vidya Sagar (formerly The Spastic Society of India), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Department of Social Welfare, Government of Bihar, Patna, India
Department of Community Medicine, Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Institution for Children with Intellectual Disabilities, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Rashtriya Bal Swasthiya Karyakram, Ministry of Health and Family, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi, India
Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (ENT), Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
Center for Child Development, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Samarth, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Peter Gilgan Research and Learning Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pediatrics, M.P. Shah Government Medical College and G.G. Hospital, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
Department of ENT, Dr. Rajender Prasad College of Government Medicine, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
RVM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Laxmakkapally, Telangana, India
Department of Pediatrics, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India
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