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Maneka Sanjay Gandhi
Claudius Galenus, known as Galen, a Greek surgeon was a physician to several Roman emperors. He has influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology and neurology, in European medical science for 1300 years; Galen's anatomical relationships, based mainly on the dissection of monkeys and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543, when descriptions and illustrations of human cadaver dissections were published in the seminal. Andreas Vesalius' work of Humani Corporis Fabrica proves the opposite. Galen's theory of the circulatory system remained unchallenged until 1242, when Ibn al-Nafis published his book Sharh Tashrih al-Qanun li 'Ibn Sina (Commentary on Anatomy in the Canon of 39; Avicenna) reporting the discovery of the pulmonary circulation, proving completely wrong to Galen. Galen's main interest was in human anatomy, but Roman law prohibited the dissection of human corpses. Thus, he performed anatomical dissections on living and dead animals, because he thought that they were the same as humans. However, he killed thousands of people using theories derived from the dissection of animals.
Unfortunately, while all these theories proved wrong, his legacy of animal testing remains widespread; even when animal experiments did not contribute to science, they hindered scientific and medical progress. In fact, the main features and rescue procedures came without anything to do with animals. Take the heart, for example: the coronary arteries of a dog differ from humans. They have smaller connections with each other and the left coronary artery dominates, while in the human the right artery dominates. The conduction system has a different pattern of blood supply. The blood of dogs coagulates differently from humans. Their reaction to shock is different. After a mbadive blood loss, the intestines of a dog are congested, while in the human, we observe a pallor and ischemia (lack of blood). But we continue to experiment on dogs
Here is a list of major discoveries made without animal experimentation:
Anesthesia – The ether was discovered by Valerius Cordus in 1540, when he mixed with alcohol and sulfuric acid. Called "sweet oil of vitriol", medical students have used it to get high levels of "ether frolics". Crawford Long, a surgeon, noticed that people with bruises who had taken ether were insensitive to pain. He tried it on a patient during the surgery.
Hypothermia (cooling of the body before surgery) – In 1757 the observation of people exposed to cold for long periods showed that they could survive, and was written by the Swedish Academy Sciences. In 1798, James Currie asked human volunteers to take prolonged baths in cold water. He discovered that their heart rate was reduced. This is now used to reduce the heart rate in patients before surgery.
Positive pressure ventilation (air insufflation in the lungs during surgery) – Ferdinand Sauerbrach created positive pressure ventilation to prevent the lungs from collapsing during surgery. it has proven harmful to animals. In 1891, the American surgeon George Fell decided to use it anyway, and used it successfully.
Heart Lung Machine – Jack Gibbon tested on cats, then on humans but with fatal results. Then others have perfected it by using it on human patients. Anthony Andreason created the low flow theory that less blood should be used than the amount of blood drawn from the body, observing that injured soldiers could survive with less blood than expected.
Pacemakers – Exit the ventricular septum surgery; to prevent deaths during cardiac surgery, due to the cessation of electrical activity, the pacemaker has been developed to maintain electrical activity and prevent the heart from freeing itself
Artificial heart valves because he killed dogs in the laboratory. A Starr and L. Edwards discovered that it worked for humans
Blood transfusions – In 1667, John Dennis transfused the blood of animals to humans and killed people. The blood typing was discovered by an American scientist without animal testing, and that led to successful blood transfusions.
Cardiac Catherisation (for Diagnostic Purposes) – Forsmann first used it on himself, inserting a catheter through his own arm his heart, he observed it through a fluoroscope.
Bypbad – In 1961, in France, Kunlin used part of a person's vein to replace clogged segments. This resulted in bypbad surgery for different parts of the body.
Calcium antagonists (used to treat high blood pressure) – have been discovered to lower blood pressure when they are administered to patients to reduce heart pain.
Oxygenator – C Walton Lillehei developed it by learning what happened to patients during a surgical procedure when the pulmonary machine of the heart was used and that complications arose. He decided to use the disposable oxygenator so that the blood would not be contaminated.
Anti-foaming agents (used to prevent blood from boiling when oxygen is introduced) were developed to prevent milk from foaming.
co-arctation of the aorta (torsion of the aorta that prevented blood circulation) – Clarence Crafford put a forceps on the broken aorta and discovered by accident that he could still perform surgery on the aorta without the dying patient.
Mitral Stenosis (Defective Heart Valve) – Henry Souttar, London Hospital, 1925, put his index finger through the mitral valve of the heart and widened it. In 1949, Dwight Harking decided to use the same technique called angioplasty by finger fracture.
Blue Babies (Fallot's Tetrology – Four Heart Anomalies Leading to Blue Baby Syndrome) – RC Brock's Guy's Hospital developed a surgical technique problem (British Medical Journal 6/12/48). Another technique was developed by British surgeons NR Barrett and Raymond Daley of St. Thomas Hospital (British Medical Journal 23/04/49).
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation – Kouwenhoven, Jude and Knickerbocker devised this technique by practice on cadavers. Thoracic Cardiac Resuscitation – Paul Zoll used this technique (electric shock) as early as 1956.
Electrocardiogram – Brown and Mac Millan, Toronto, began studying arrhythmia disorders directly on patients they converted a former encephalogram in an electrocardiogram to monitor heart rhythm disorders
Digitalis – Thomas Lewis, Britain said: "The most essential information, the profound effects that digitalis is able to exert in atrial fibrillation, could not have been gained by observation on the frog or the normal mammal, but only, it was gained, by observation on the patients. "
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