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The science of materials is the oldest field of science and technology. The influence of materials on the course of civilization is reflected in the names of the times: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age. Now, we live advanced materials in the age. What materials will be used in the near future and how will they change our daily lives?
Around the world, material science is progressing rapidly.
"One of the most important factors that led to the technological progress of humanity in the 21st century was the creation, examination and practical use of new materials" , says the Kaunas Technological University. Kristina Bočkutė, Head of Curriculum Program at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University (KTU)
"One of the main directions was the transfer of molecular principles to other molecules, from nanometer to micrometer. or centimeter. Scientific materials eliminate the barriers between traditional sciences and aim to integrate inorganic modeling, organic, polymeric, physical, biological, badytical chemical, physics, engineering and mathematical modeling, "says Bočkutė.
Global practice shows that such a multidisciplinary approach It is important to mention that virtually all modern knowledge-intensive technologies are developed on the basis of new materials, it is important to take advantage of new materials created in high technology, where the success factor determines the overlap of technical knowledge in various fields
. In badessing global trends, these issues are of particular importance in the development of new industries and, of course, in the development of traditional technologies. Materials science allows fundamental laws and methods in the field of physics and chemistry to adapt and adapt the properties of materials for use in specific areas of life
. Here are some advanced future materials that can quickly become commonplace in our lives:
1) Airgel. The lightest solid state material in the world. For example, the density of a graphon airgel is lower than that of helium gas and only twice as high as 0.16 kg / m3 of hydrogen. This material, more than anyone, has 15 entries in the Guinness Book of Records. Sometimes called "frozen smoke", airgel is produced by changing the liquid state of aluminum oxide, chromium, tin oxide or aluminum oxide. carbon dioxide in a super-drying process. 99.8% of the volume of the airgel is formed by the air, making the material semi-transparent. Despite the fact that most of the volume of the material is air, this material is very strong, able to maintain more than 160 000. times the weight for itself. Airgel is also an excellent thermal insulator that not only protects the heat, but also the gel. The airgel is already used by NASA, aerosol protective coatings in the military industry that protect against the effects of temperatures, and can protect against explosive charges caused by explosions. Airgel is a promising material for absorbing various pollutants from the air and water.
2) Artificial Spider Web The natural spider silk is up to five times stronger than steel of the same weight. In addition, because of the complex network structure, even if only one wire is broken, the total resistance of the whole knit will increase. Scientists have discovered that particularly strong silk fibers are mainly formed by protein fibroin. After decoding the gene responsible for producing fibro protein in spider webs, researchers have recently synthesized this natural substance. One gram of fibroin can produce up to 9 km of artificial spider silk. This material is elastic and very durable. From there, it is possible to make armored vests, another outfit. This material is awaiting breakthrough in medicine. Extremely low weight, excellent elasticity and flexibility create conditions for the use of spider silk in grafts for the production of artificial tendons.
3) Metamaterials. The substances whose properties depend most on its structure, and not on its composition, are called metamaterials. Metamaterials have unusual optical properties. Using metamaterials with a negative refractive index, two-dimensional invisible cufflinks were created – the material of the mattress pierces and directs the light rays so that the object does not appear after it. These materials also promise a revolution in the production of optical lenses and in the electronics by increasing the rate of data transfer.
4) Metal Foam These foams are made of a foamy reagent and a titanium hydride powder dissolved in aluminum. The result is a lightweight and durable material, which is 75-95%. the volume is composed of air. This material can be used in many areas – from floating urban construction, military industry, medicine to space exploration or storage of nuclear waste.
5) Smart Textile. Future fashions can be dictated not only by fashion designers, but also by researchers who create textiles with integrated electronic sensors, such as temperature controllers, lightweight or motion-sensitive fabrics, built-in sensors , the health of the wearer as a video camera. The possibilities of such fabrics are unlimited.
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