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What we know today as Mato Grosso was formerly Spanish territory. The first excursions made in the state date back to 1525, when Pedro Aleixo Garcia goes to Bolivia, following the waters of the rivers Paraná and Paraguay. Subsequently, the Portuguese and Spanish are attracted to the region thanks to rumors that there was a lot of wealth in these lands not yet properly exploited.
The history of Mato Grosso in the "colonial" period is very important because, during the governments, Brazil defended its territorial profile and consolidated its property and property. up to the limits of the Guaporé and Mamoré rivers. Thus, the Spanish aspirations of domination of this immense territory were contained. Proclaimed our independence, the imperial governments of D. Pedro I and the Regencies (1st Empire) appointed five governors for Mato Grosso and the most important events occurred in those years (7/9/1822 to 23/7/1840 ) were the officials of the Capital of the Province for Cuiabá (Law nº 19 of 28/8/1835) and the "Rusga" (nativist movement of the Portuguese assassination, the 30/05/1834)
Proclaimed on July 23, 1840, from Dom Pedro II, the Mato Grosso was ruled by 28 presidents appointed by the Emperor, until the Proclamation of the Republic, which occurred on November 15, 1889. During the Second Empire (government Dom Pedro II), the most important fact is the Triple Alliance war, which was displaced by the Republic of Paraguay against Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, started on 27/12/1864 and ended on 01 /
The most remarkable episodes in Matogrossense During the five years of this war were: (a) the beginning of the war, the death of the President of Paraguay, Marshal Francisco Solano Lopez, in Cerro, of the invasion of Mato Grosso by the Paraguayan troops, by river and land routes; b) the heroic defense of the Fortress of Coimbra. c) the sacrifice of Antônio João Ribeiro and his commanders to the military post of Dourados. d) the evacuation of Corumbá; e) preparations for the defense of Cuiabá and the action of Barão de Melgaço; f) the expulsion of the enemies of the south of Mato Grosso and the withdrawal of the lagoon; (g) the recovery of Corumbá; h) the fight of Alegre; There were 4,200 men under the command of Colonel Vicente Barrios, who found the heroic resistance of Coimbra occupied by a garrison of only 115 men under the command of Tte. Cel. Hermenegildo of Albuquerque Portocarrero. By the terrestrial route came 2,500 men under the command of Cel. Isidoro Rasquin, who at the military post of Dourados found the bravery of Tte. Antônio João Ribeiro and 15 other Brazilians who refused to surrender, responding with a fire dump to order them to surrender.
It is then that Tte. Antonio João sent to Commander Dias da Silva, of Nioaque, his famous note saying: "To be that I die but my blood and my companions will be of solemn protest against the invasion of the soil of my homeland" The evacuation from Corumbá, devoid of The Defense Resources, was another notable episode, leaving the population, across the Pantanal, towards Cuiabá, where he arrived, on foot, on April 30, 1865.
In anticipation of Arrival of enemies in Cuiabá preparations for resistance began. In these preparations stands out the figure of Baron de Melgaço who was appointed by the government to command the defense of the capital, organizing the fortifications of Melgaço. If the invaders had intended to arrive in Cuiabá, they gave up when they learned that the city's defense commander was Admiral Augusto Leverger – the future Baron of Melgaço – who They had known for a long time. With that they did not get up beyond the mouth of the São Lourenço River. Expulsion of invaders from southern Mato Grosso – The imperial government ordered the organization, in the Mineiro triangle, of an "expeditionary column south of Mato Grosso", composed of soldiers of the National Guard and volunteers from São Paulo and Minas Gerais to repel invaders from this region. Starting from the Triangle towards Cuiabá, in Cushim, they received the order to go to the Paraguayan border, repressing the enemies on their territory.
The mission of the Brazilians became increasingly difficult because of the shortage of food and food. ammunition. As a result of the evils, the diseases of the waters of the Pantanal of Matogrossense devastated the troops. As the Paraguayan border line approached, problems of food and ammunition increased more and more and when the destruction of the Paraguayan Bela Vista fort, already in enemy territory, reached its maximum. The Brazilian Command then decided that the troop had to go to the Laguna farm in Paraguayan territory, which belonged to Solano Lopez and where there was a large quantity of cattle, which was not accurate. From this point, after repelling a violent Paraguayan attack, the commando decided to withdraw, since the situation was untenable
The famous "Lagoon Retreat" began, the most extraordinary accomplishment of Brazilian troops in this conflict. After the withdrawal, the Paraguayan cavalry and artillery did not give the truce to the Brazilian troops, attacking them daily. To the national despair, rage has devastated the troops. From this disease died Guia Lopes, a farmer from the region, who offered to lead the trope through the closed south of Mato Grosso, and Colonel Camisão, Commander of the Brazilian forces. On the day of entry into enemy territory (April 1867), Brazilian troops had 1680 soldiers. On June 11, the port of Canuto was reached on the banks of the Aquidauana River, where the tragic withdrawal was considered closed. Only 700 fighters arrived under Cel's command. José Thomás Gonçalves, replaced by Camisão, who downloaded an "Order of the Day", supplemented by the following words: "Soldiers! Honor your constancy, who has kept our cannons and banners in the Empire." [19659002] The Retirement of the Lagoon
The withdrawal of the Lagoon was without a doubt the most brilliant page written by the Brazilian army throughout the war of the Triple Alliance. Viscount Taunay, who participated, immortalized him in one of the most famous books of Brazilian literature. The recovery of Corumbá was another brilliant page written by our canons in the struggles of the Triple Alliance war. The president of the province, then Dr. Couto de Magalhães, decided to organize three corpses of troops to recover our city which, for nearly two years, was in the hands of the enemy. The first corps left Cuiabá on May 15, 1867, under the command of Tte. Cel. Antônio Maria Coelho. It is this troop carried by the fumes "Antônio João", "Alfa", "Jaurú" and "Corumbá" at the place called Alegre. From then on, she would go alone, across the Pantanais, by canoe, using Paraguay-Mirim, the arm of the Paraguay River that flows below Corumba, and was mistaken for a "bay mouth"
. the presence of Brazilians in the region, Antonio Maria decided, with his officers, to unload the coup with the exclusive use of the 1st corps, of only 400 men and launched the offensive by surprise. And with this ploy and a lot of hand-to-hand combat, I asked the commander to retrieve the place, with the help of two women who accompanied him from Cuiabá and who were crossing the Paraguayan trenches with blows. bayonet. When the 2nd Corps Volunteer of the Motherland arrived in Corumbá, it was already in the hands of the Brazilians. It was the 13/06/1867. However, with about 800 men at his command, President Couto de Magalhães, who took part in the 2nd Corps, had to evacuate the city, because smallpox raged there, causing many casualties. The happy fight was another remarkable episode of the war. When the corumba detachers, after the recovery, went up the river towards Cuiabá, they found themselves in this port "fighting", that is to say by providing meat for feed the troops.
Brazilian soldiers from the ravine began a fierce battle and after several clashes, they won the troops commanded by the courage and coolness of Commander Jose Antônio da Costa. With this victory came the return of Corumbá to the capital of the province (Cuiabá), transmitting the smallpox to the Cuiabano people, losing the city near half of its population. After the war, with the defeat and death of Solano Lopez in the "Cordilheiras" (Cerro Corá), on March 1, 1870, the news of the end of the conflict only reached Cuiabá on March 23, by the steam "Corumbá". who arrived at the port reported and giving bursts of cannon fire. Nineteen years after the end of the war, Brazil was shaken by the Proclamation of the Republic, whose news reached Cuiabá at the dawn of December 9, 1889.
Origin of the name
Minas de Mato Grosso, discovered and baptized in 1734 by the Paes de Barros brothers, impressed by the exuberance of the 7 thick bush leagues, two centuries later, retaining the original name, became the continental state of Mato Grosso. Thus, in 1718, a bandirante named Pascoal Moreira Cabral Leme climbed near the river Coxipó and discovered huge gold deposits, starting the race of gold, which helped to populate the region . The following year, the Arraial de Cuiabá was founded. In 1726, the Arraial de Cuiabá received a new name: Vila Real do Senhor Bom Jesus de Cuiabá. In 1748 the captaincy of Cuiabá was created, a place that granted exemptions and privileges to those who wanted to settle there.
The achievements of the Bantirantes of the Mato Grosso region were recognized by the Treaty of Madrid in 1750. The following year, then captain general of Mato Grosso, Antonio Rolim of Moura Tavares, founded, on the bank of the Guaporé river, the Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade. Between 1761 and 1766 there were territorial disputes between Portuguese and Spaniards, after which the Spanish and Spanish missions withdrew from this region, but the Mato Grosso became definitively Brazilian territory only after the end of the conflicts on the Spanish border. . In 1965, in search of Indians and Gold, Pascoal Moreira Cabral and his bandirantes Paulista founded Cuiabá on April 8, 1719, in a first establishment, São Gonçalo Velho, located on the banks of the Coxipó River in its confluence with the river Cuiabá.
In 1o. From January 1727, the camp was elevated to the village category by the act of São Paulo's general captain, Dom Rodrigo César de Menezes. The presence of the governor of São Paulo in Minas Gerais de Cuiabá has led to a real extortion tax on minors, in an institutional obsession for the collection of fifth-gold. This fact, added to the gradual decline in the goldsmiths' production, led the bandirant pioneers to seek their gold further and further from the Ciaban authorities.
In 1734, with the depopulation of Vila Real de Senhor Bom Jesus do Cuiabá, brothers Fernando and Artur Paes de Barros, behind the Parecis Indians, discovered a vein of gold, which they decided name of Minas of Mato Grosso, located on the banks of the Galera River, in the Guapore Valley
The Anaïs of Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, written in 1754 by the Clerk of the City Council, Francisco Caetano Borges, citing the name Mato Grosso, explains:
He left the Villa of Cuiabá Fernando Paes de Barros with his brother Artur Paes, of Sorocaba, and the Gentile Pareci being at that time the most sought after, […] went in the West with the same intention, gathering in a stream that flows into the Galera River, which flows from the S raising to the Guaporé River, that born in the layers of the Serra, today Called the São Francisco Xavier Chapada of Mato Grosso, the the eastern part, experiencing gold, took three quarters of an octave at the time of 1734.
Thus, in 1754, twenty years after the discovery of the Mato Grosso mine, the history of these mines was for the first time recounted in an official document where the term Mato Grosso was attributed and where we found the place where they were [19659002] However, l & # 's 39 history of the Vila Bela town hall does not mention why the Paes de Barros brothers baptized these mines with the name of Mato Grosso.
José Gonçalves da Fonseca, in his work written around 1780, News of the Situation of Mato Grosso and Cuiabá, published in the Journal of the Historical and Geographical Institute of Brazil of 1866, that explains the name Mato Grosso :
[…] determined to cross the cordilheir that of the generals from east to west; and as these mountains are piled up, as soon as they go down the plain in front of the fields of the Parecis (which have only a few islets of rough shrubs), they fall upon virgin grasses. very tall and corpulent trees, which, penetrating, nickname Mato Grosso;
They always walked to the west, and after gaining seven leagues in thickness, they came over all the mountains […].
From this record it is clear, the name Mato Grosso comes from a large stretch of seven leagues thick, almost impenetrable grove, located on the banks of the river Galera, the first time in 1734 by the Paes brothers from Barros. Accustomed to walking in the savannahs of the Parecis plateau, where there were only a few islets of rough shrubs, the adventurous brothers, impressed by the height and size of the trees, the entanglement of the secondary vegetation that made penetration difficult with the exuberance of the forest, Mato Grosso. Near this bush they founded the São Francisco Xavier Mines and the entire adjacent region, dotted with mining camps, became known in history as Minas de Mato Grosso.
Later, when the Captain was created by Royal Charter on May 9, 1748, the Portuguese government manifested itself as follows:
Dom João, by Graça de Deus, King of Portugal and the Algarves, […] I make you know, Gomes Freire de Andrade, Governor and Captain General of Rio de Janeiro, that two governments are again created by force, one in Minas de Goiás, the other in Cuiabá […]
Thus, by creating the captaincy, as a means of consolidating and institutionalizing the Portuguese possession on the border with the Kingdom of Spain, Lisbon decided to name them only from Cuiabá. But at the end of the text of the Royal Charter mentioned above, the King of Portugal […] where the same government of São Paulo, with those of Pernambuco and Maranhão, and the borders of the government of Mato Grosso and Cuiabá […]
Although it does not expressly denominate Capitania with the name of Mato Grosso, referring only to the mines of Cuiabá, at the end of the text of the Royal Charter, it denominates fully the new government as being of both mines , Mato Grosso and Cuiabá. It is, in fact, the Portuguese intention to give the captaincy the same name as the years passed by the Paes de Barros brothers. This intention is perfectly understood.
However, the consolidation of the name Mato Grosso came quickly. Queen Mariana of Austria, in appointing Dom Antonio Rolim de Moura as Captain General, in the patent letter of September 25, 1748, states:
[…]; It is to name him as present the title of governor and captain general of the captaincy of Mato Grosso, for three years […].
The same Queen, the following year, January 19 to Don Rolim to his famous instructions, which would determine the guidelines for the administration of the captaincy, especially the transactions with the border of the Spanish kingdom. Here is how the document tells us:
[…] I was used to create a general captaincy with the name of Mato Grosso […] § 1o – […] since in Mato Grosso more vigilance is required because of its neighborhood, to determine that the head of government should be placed in the same district of Mato Grosso […]; § 2 – Because it was understood that the Mato Grosso is the key and the propellant of the sertao of Brazil […].
And from there, from the Patent Charter and the Queen's Instructions, the most eastern colonial government in Portuguese lands in America, began to call the Captain of Mato Grosso, in the official documents and in the daily reports of his own population. Soon the institutional name Mato Grosso was assimilated in the disfavor of the name Cuiabá. Surveillance and protection of the western border was more important than damaged mines.
With the independence of Brazil in 1822, it became the province of Mato Grosso, and with the Republic in 1899, the denomination passed to the state of Mato Grosso.
From Mato Grosso and not from Cuiabá. In the early nineteenth century, the extraction of gold is greatly reduced, in this way the economy begins a period of decomposition and the population of this state ceases to grow. Military and civilians began a separatist movement in 1892 against the government of the then president, Maliano Florian Peixoto.
The state economy begins to improve with the establishment of railways and telegraphs, when the rubber tappers, the people who cultivate the yerba mate and the breeders are starting to arrive.
In 1977, Mato Grosso was dismembered in two states: Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul
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