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From the point of view of different researchers, the drug's dependence potential can be evaluated by the damage it causes, its value on the street, the extent to which the drug activates the brain's dopamine system, fun of people. Declare the medication, its degree of causing withdrawal symptoms and the ease with which a person who tries it becomes hooked.
There are also other facets to the extent of drug addiction potential and some researchers even claim that no drug is always addictive. Given the diversity of researchers' perspectives, one way to categorize addictive drugs is to ask groups of experts.
1. the heroine
The experts of Nutt et al. Have ranked heroin among the most addictive drugs, assigning her a score of 3 out of a maximum score of 3. Heroin is an opiate that causes an increase in the level of dopamine in the brain's reward system up to 200% in laboratory animals. Heroin is not only the drug that causes the most dependence, but it is also dangerous because the dose that can cause death is only five times higher than the dose required for a high dose.
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Heroin is also considered the second most harmful drug in terms of damage for both users and society. The market for illegal opiates, including heroin, was estimated at $ 68 billion worldwide in 2009.
2. cocaine
Cocaine interferes directly with the use of dopamine by the brain to transmit messages from one neuron to another. In essence, cocaine prevents neurons from disabling the dopamine signal, which results in abnormal activation of the brain's reward pathways. In animal experiments, cocaine caused an increase in dopamine levels more than three times higher than normal. It is estimated that between 14 and 20 million people worldwide use cocaine and that in 2009, the cocaine market was worth around 75 billion dollars.
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Cocaine powder has been ranked by experts as the third most harmful drug. Cocaine powder powder, which causes a softer effect, is the fifth most damaging. About 21% of people who have tried cocaine will become addicted at some point in their lives. Cocaine is similar to other addictive stimulants, such as methamphetamine – which is becoming increasingly problematic as it becomes more widely available – and to amphetamine.
3. Nicotine
Nicotine is the main addictive ingredient of tobacco. When someone smokes a cigarette, the nicotine is quickly absorbed into the lungs and delivered to the brain. The expert groups of Nutt et al. Nicotine (tobacco) ranked third among the most addictive substances.
More than two-thirds of Americans who have tried smoking have reported becoming addicted in their lifetime. In 2002, the WHO estimated that there were more than one billion smokers and that tobacco would kill more than 8 million people every year by 2030. The laboratory animals have the good sense not to smoke. However, rats will press a pimple to receive nicotine directly into their bloodstream – which will cause an increase in dopamine levels in the brain's reward system from about 25% to 40%.
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4. Barbiturates (downers)
Barbiturates – also known as blue balls, gorillas, nembies, beards, and pink women – are a class of drugs originally used to treat anxiety and cause sleep. They interfere with chemical signaling in the brain, which closes various areas of the brain. At low doses, barbiturates cause euphoria, but at high doses, they can be fatal because they inhibit breathing. Barbiturate addiction was common when drugs were readily available on prescription, but decreased dramatically as other drugs replaced them. This highlights the role that context plays in addiction: if an addictive drug is not widely available, it will do little harm. The expert groups of Nutt et al. Barbiturates ranked fourth among the most addictive substances.
5. Alcohol
The experts of Nutt et al. Noted that alcohol was legal in the United States and the United Kingdom (1.9 out of 3). Alcohol has many effects on the brain, but it has increased dopamine levels in the brain's reward system during laboratory experiments on animals. from 40% to 360% – and the more animals drank, the more dopamine levels increased.
Some 22% of people who have consumed alcohol will become addicted to alcohol at some point in their lives. The WHO estimated that 2 billion people consumed alcohol in 2002 and that more than 3 million people died in 2012 due to bodily injury due to alcohol consumption. Alcohol has also been rated as the most damaging drug by other experts.
Eric Bowman is a lecturer in psychology and neuroscience at the University of St. Andrews and has received funding from the UK Medical Research Council.
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