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The publication of the Act Institutional Act (AI-5) marks on December 13, 1968 the beginning of the systematic censorship of the press, which only ends ten years later. There had been pressure, threats and attacks on the State of São Paulo since the military coup of March 31, 1964, but the censors did not go to the drafting during this period. Censorship in state has also started on December 12, yesterday the day before yesterday, when the House of Deputies refused permission to sue the government. AI-5 announcement. The head of the São Paulo federal police, General Sílvio Correia de Andrade, phoned the newsroom to find out what would be the next day's headline. "House denies, preparation", informed the editor Oliveiros S. Ferreira. The general was satisfied, but the newspaper was seized upon arriving in the stands the following night. The general published the news but did not like the editorial Instituciones em Frangalhos in which the director of the newspaper, Julio de Mesquita Filho Dr. Julinho, criticized the president Costa e Silva. "It was a hard and courageous text, which reflected the newspaper's traditional independence from the leaders," said journalist Miguel Jorge, then journalist of the afternoon newspaper Jornal da Tarde. .
This was the last editorial of Dr. Julinho. He stopped writing in section Notes and Information page 3, to protest against censorship. Revealed by the seizure of the newspaper, he sent his son Julio de Mesquita Neto to tell Governor Roberto de Abreu Sodré and General Correia de Andrade that he was not self-censoring. If the government wants to ban any news, install censors in the newsroom. Its resistance has been expensive. "The price we paid was, first and foremost, my father's life," said journalist Ruy Mesquita in March 2004, referring to the death of Julio de Mesquita Filho. He fell ill while quitting the editorial and died in July 1969, seven months after AI-5.
The censors installed themselves in the press room on the evening of December 13, alongside the astonished journalists gathered. in front of the television to watch the announcement of the AI-5. The official speaker, Alberto Curi, read the text of the law, as well as the Minister of Justice, Luís Antônio da Gama e Silva, former rector of the USP
Refused Newspapers of the Mesquita family did not self-censor. "Do the reporting and write, the censors who cut", it was the orientation. The censors remained in the building of the Major Street Quedinho, seat of the state in the city center, until January 6, 1969. They then retired and only returned to the city. In August 1972. At this interval, the previous censorship was made by police phone calls, tickets and lists of prohibited subjects. Since he was not allowed to leave blanks, he turned to random texts to show readers what was going on. Written letters by writers, court orders, flowering guidelines interrupted the news on the noble pages to cover the void of editorials and reports indicating that the red pencil of censorship had been scratched .
Despite the police headquarters, thousands of copies. State arrived on the streets on the 13th. The expedition personnel set up a war operation. "We improvised a wooden channel and pulled about 60,000 copies in bucket trucks that came out behind a siding, while the police dismantled the trucking trucks of the distribution fleet," recalls Architect Hagop Boyadjian, then in charge of the construction work. reform in the building of the street Major Quedinho, where the newspaper worked, in the center.
It is also forbidden for the JT to circulate and seize. Its leaders refused to exchange texts considered "more exalted", after having published an editorial on the political crisis of December 12 entitled "Another demonstration of the inviolability of the regime". Reporters and editors have developed a scheme similar to that of State for distribution. While police were guarding Major Quedinho's street, 84,900 copies escaped through Martins Fontes Street on the other side of the building.
General Sílvio Correia de Andrade was furious. He walked the benches in the Higienópolis district to retrieve the JT personally. "This newspaper betrayed the Revolution," he said relentlessly, recalls Fernando Miter, the current director of journalism of Rede Bandeirantes,
Reaction. The writer and journalist Ivan Ângelo, then secretary of the editorial board of the JT, remembers the reaction of the journalists. "When the censor entered the room at the beginning, we all withdrew in protest, the censor asked if people were leaving because of him and I said yes, certainly because it was not Was never produced before. "
Journalists did their best to make life worse for censors. "Contraband information that would be censored among other subjects, in unusual language – and not only that, but also empty the four tires of his car just to see them out the window, sweating the shirt in a work worthy of the one they were used to, "said Carlos Brickmann, a political journalist.
Forbidden to publish the news of the resignation of the Minister of Agriculture, Cirne Lima, who had clashed with the Minister of Finance, Delfim Netto State replaced in 1973 a photo by an advertisement of Radio Eldorado, transmitter of the group State . "Now it's samba," said the ad, with great impact. The dose was repeated the next day, when an illustration with a white rose was published in place of another photo of Cirne Lima. Caption: "The rose, praised by poets of all times, continues to symbolize love."
Publishers also published poems instead of cut text. The first poem, Y – Juca Pirama, by Gonçalves Dias, was presented on the editorial page of June 29, 1973. Not all readers understood the message. Many telephoned or wrote to salute the state for supporting literature and flower culture. In response to this reaction, Julio de Mesquita Neto determined that something constant and continuous was published, so that the reader could identify censorship.
The editor, Antônio Carvalho Mendes, responsible for an article on the dog and the section devoted to the deceased, suggested the repeated publication of verses of Os Lusíadas, Luís de Camões. The Portuguese poet appeared 655 times in the newspaper. According to researcher Maria Aparecida Aquino, USP, 1,136 texts were deleted in state from March 29, 1973 to January 3, 1975, when censorship ended. In the JT, Ruy Mesquita opted for the publication of cakes and confectionery to replace cut materials.
Journalists and state correspondents were persecuted for their work. Recife branch chief Carlos Garcia was arrested and tortured in March 1974, on the eve of President Ernesto Geisel's inauguration. "The state is firmly against the dictatorship and some of its journalists have been tortured, as was my case, for defending the freedom of the press," said Garcia. In October 1975, Luiz Paulo Costa, correspondent for São José dos Campos, was arrested and tortured at the Information Operations Detachment (DOI) of the 2nd Army during the same week and where the journalist Vladimir Herzog is killed under torture
Julio de Mesquita Neto resists censorship and protests against the dictatorship. "My father took advantage of his travels abroad to denounce the lack of freedom of the press in Brazil," said Julio César Mesquita, recalling speeches and statements made in Europe and the United States. For his courage, Julio Neto won the Palm of Gold Prize for Freedom, awarded by the International Federation of Newspaper Publishers. In the news, the director Ruy Mesquita has not stopped protesting against arbitrariness. A telegram sent to Alfredo Buzaid on 19 September 1972, when the PF imposed new censorship standards on the press, had an extraordinary repercussion. It reads as follows: "
" Mr. Minister, after reading the rules you have enacted. I had the feeling of deep humiliation and shame. I was ashamed, mr. Minister, by Brazil, degraded to the condition of a banana republiqueta or any Uganda by a government that has just lost his temper … All those in his power today One day, then, Mr. Minister, as in Hitler's Germany, Italy mussolini or the Russian Stalin, Brazil will know the true story of this period in which the Revolution of 64 has abandoned the path traced by its greatest leader, Marshal Castelo Branco. by the instructions of a military caudilhismo that is already outmoded, even in the Hispanic-American republics … "
The military was furious, recalls Miter, for being called Nazis and fascists. father fought against censorship and against all the barbarities of the military regime, "said Ruy Mesquita Filho, Ruyzito. Still a teenager at the time, he remembers Ruy Mesquita who today shouts on the phone with a general. "My father defended the arrested and persecuted journalists.The administrators of Estado and Jornal da Tarde knew and denounced what was happening.The state building was the target of three terrorist attacks on the bomb, left and right, in retaliation for his position of defender of democracy ", added the mission Ruyzito
. Corresponding to Buenos Aires, political exile and signature of his texts under the pseudonym of Julio Delgado, Flávio Tavares remembers to have escaped censorship while mosques did not bend to "the inquisition "military. "In 1977, Flávio was arrested and tortured in Uruguay, accused of espionage, after interviewing Leonel Brizola in exile.He was released under pressure from the state who sent to Montevideo Júlio Cesar Mesquita and lawyers from the office of Gerson Mendonça Neto in Montevideo
Censorship only ended on 3 January 1975, the day before the commemoration of the centenary of state . is the realization of the commitment made by General Ernesto Geisel when he badumes the presidency in March 1974. The difficulties persist however until the end of AI-5 in 1978.
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