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Fabiano Maisonnave and Avener Prado
Native Land Raposa Serra do Sol (RR)
The NGO Conectas had paid the plane tickets
It is not today that the macuxis, the wapichanas, the ingaricós, the patamonas and the taurepangues, the ethnic groups that indigenous people Raposa Serra do Sol, in Roraima, deal with stereotypes.
For these people, it seems incomprehensible that Macunaima (and not Macunaíma) has become the lazy character of Mário de Andrade's book. "He created everything we have and we are the grandchildren of Macunaima," said MP Joenia Wapichana (Rede-RR)
Ten years after the STF confirmed the demarcation of the territory, about 25,000 locals prepare to face President Jair Bolsonaro (PSL), who wishes the return of non-indigenous farmers and the opening of the mining exploration area.
The arguments of Bolsonaro and close advisers, such as General and Minister Augusto Heleno (GSI), are that Raposa and other indigenous lands are "human zoos", where Indians live in "lagoons". Stone Age "and impede economic development and threaten national sovereignty.
During the three days that the Folha Report was made to Surumu, one of the four regions of Raposa, communities of the Macuxi ethnic group were keen to show the herd the main economic activity and to their mechanized planting, in addition to offering products.
"We are living well, I am not starving or my children are starving, no," he said. "We are living well, I am not starving, my children are starving, no," he said. "
The cowgirl is not alone in rejecting Bolsonaro, while she obtained 71.5% of the votes per second (19659005) The agricultural sector of the indigenous land of Raposa Serra do Sol
In the three municipalities of Raposa: Pacaraima, Normandia and Uiramutã
Located to the north-east of Roraima and easily accessible by roads, the Raposa Serra do Sol is almost entirely covered with savannah vegetation (savanna), a natural pasture for cattle Unlike other parts of the Amazon, cattle do not take the place of the forest.
The ox began to arrive in the area in the mid-19th century, brought by White farmers.Used as cheap labor, the Indians began to get acquainted with the creation, but it was only in the 1970s that they began to have their own. herd, thanks to donations from the Catholic Church.
At that time, indigenous peoples began to organize, which led to the founding of the CIR (Roraima Native Council) in 1990. Two years later, the demarcation process, begun in 1917, by President Lula (PT)
In the years following the STF ruling in 2009, farmers strongly opposed the creation of indigenous lands, resulting in episodes of violence. At the most serious incident, in 2008, the security forces of the rice plant Paulo César Quartiero shot dead ten camped macuxis at the entrance of their farm.
After divesting (exiting) compensation for cattle ranchers and white rice farmers, the Indians withdrew most of the fences left by farmers in 2010 to gain access to their entire territory ancestral, such as fishing lakes and hunting grounds.
"At the time, my father was working for ranchers," says Macuxi Roseno Lima, tuxaua (ruler) of one of Surumu's communities. After controlling the cry, he adds, "Remembering the past is not a very good memory, my parents did not have the freedom I have today."
Flock
Currently, Raposa and neighboring native lands of São Marcos account for 50,437 head of cattle, according to October figures from Aderr (Agriculture and Agricultural Defense Agency). 39, raising the state of Roraima), accounting for 6.2% of the state's livestock
"Today, Indians participate in the economy of the country. State by producing a calf, fattened in the agricultural areas of Roraima ", explains veterinarian Sylvio Botelho Neto, who accompanies for eight years raising livestock in Raposa Serra do Sol as an employee of 39; Aderr. indigenous people.
He commended the health management of the herd, mainly because it is a border area with two countries, Venezuela and Guyana. Today, Roraima is recognized as a FMD free zone with vaccination.
According to Botelho, the challenge now is to improve the livestock management infrastructure, especially the pens, since most of them do not have the main hallway. Thus, cattle must be tied for vaccination and iron marking.
Meeting in the taxi community for "Ferra" (tagging) of the local herd. Men, women and children participate in a job
In addition to natural pastures, another difference between native livestock is the property. In the herd, there are community-owned buds, family nuclei and even schools, which use meat when the food supply is failing.
The general coordinator of the 36 communities of Surumu, Anselmo Dionisio Filho, 42 years old, explains that the collective breeding works as a saving and may be necessary to finance community events or more complex medical treatments.
The same community division is established for agriculture, a more nascent activity than breeding – last year, surumu. rely on a tractor. There are, however, surpluses, as in the case of the watermelon, purchased by the federal government and distributed to the army and Venezuelan immigrant shelters in Pacaraima (RR), a municipality located in the territory of Raposa.
Eat grbad & # 39;
Bolsonaro's opposition to the demarcation of Raposa Serra do Sol began when he was a deputy. Speaking to the House of Representatives in 2008, he said the demarcation would encourage a military invasion of China: "The moment there will be more Chinese space there and where famine will be present, they will fill their cargo ships and dump this surplus population into our rich, forgotten and abandoned Amazon. "
The same year, at a public hearing before the House to debate Raposa Serra do Sol Bolsonaro was struck by a glbad of water played by indigenous leader Jacinaldo Barbosa. In response, the MP then said that "he should go eat a grbad there to keep his origins".
On December 17, already as president-elect, he repeated the promise of a revision of the demarcation campaign: You must explore rationally. And on the Indian side, give royalties and integrate the Indian into society, "he said.
Although several jurists said that the demarcation could not be reconsidered because it had become final , the statement of Bolsonaro again gave Indians who had to leave the region in 2010.
In the new government, the task was to revise the demarcations with the cattle rancher Luiz Antonio Nabhan Garcia, secretary for business Land of the Ministry of Agriculture and former President of the Democratic Union
On the 18th, Nabhan was in Pacaraima (RR), in the Raposa region, integrating a ministerial delegation with the declared goal of knowing welcoming Venezuelan immigrants who were seeking refuge in Brazil.He said that the demarcation of the Fox "was made by a government that generated a lot of instability, a lot of from error. It is a question of cleansing. "
In an interview with the local press, he was more categorical and described as" lamentable mistake "the fact that most of the municipality Pacaraima is located
"We must take special care to give autonomy to this municipality. It must be dismembered from this link to be an indigenous territory and its institutional function as a municipality, where all Brazilians have time. "19659005] Bolsonaro's promise to reverse the demarcation is greeted with enthusiasm by the agricultural sector, which attributes the stagnant economy of Roraima to the fact that just over half of the territory are protected areas, between indigenous territories and conservation units, "C & # 39; a blessing, "said businesswoman Izabel Itikawa, referring to Bolsonaro's statement in December (Union of Bean Processing Industries of Roraima State), her family owned two rice paddy fields. total area of 8,000 hectares.
"The statements made by the Bolsonaro, still on the ground, foreshadowed much joy from all Roraima producers in the agri-food sector," says Itikawa in an interview at the headquarters of his rice processing business.
"In our opinion, this approval was made on the basis of an anthropological report without justification," says the businesswoman. "I hope this will be re-examined and perhaps even that we will return to our farms."
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