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The list of infectious diseases caused by micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi is enormous. For many, there are vaccines, but a significant part does not have protection – only palliative prevention measures.
AIDS, Hansen's disease, hepatitis C, malaria and syphilis are among the main cases where the incidence is still high in Brazil. The good news is that they have a treatment and that their predictions are excellent.
Then, know exactly what are these pathologies, what are the symptoms, treatments and ways to avoid them.
Aids
which is: is a badually transmitted infection (STI) caused by HIV, a retrovirus that attacks the immune system. It is transmitted through badl, bad and oral bad without a condom, use of an infected syringe and cutting instruments, transfusion of contaminated blood and infected mother to the child during pregnancy, delivery or badfeeding . It is important to note that having HIV is not the same as having AIDS – there are many HIV-positive people (who have the virus in their body) and who are pbading HIV. years without presenting any symptoms and without developing the disease. The acronym "AIDS" stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and refers to the disease created by the virus.
Symptoms: In the early stage, called acute infection, the disease can easily be confused with a simple flu because it causes fever and discomfort. The other common sinuses are spots on the body, neck lymph nodes and sore throats. According to the Ministry of Health, the next phase, which is asymptomatic and may last several years, "is marked by the strong interaction between the defense cells and the rapid and constant mutations of the virus". Then comes the phase of the onset of symptoms: diarrhea, fever, asthenia (loss or decrease in physical strength), night sweats and weight loss greater than 10%. Over time, immunity decreases, favoring the onset of diseases such as viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, pneumonia, toxoplasmosis and even some types of cancer. Diagnosis and treatment: The diagnosis of AIDS is made with the aid of a blood test and the treatment is administered with the combination of antiretrovirals (ARVs) intended prevent the spread of HIV. in the body and prevent the weakening of the immune system to thereby improve the quality of life and prolong survival. The patient will have to take the remedies for the rest of his life. Prevention: use of condoms (female or male) in all badual relations, antenatal care for pregnant women, use of disposable syringes and needles and gloves to treat injuries and body fluids. Incidence in Brazil: in 2017, 42,420 new HIV cases and 37,791 AIDS cases were diagnosed, with a detection rate of 18.3 / 100,000 inhabitants. The number of deaths was 11,463. From 1980 to June 2018, the Ministry of Health recorded 982,129 AIDS cases.
was formerly called leprosy. chronic, infectious, contagious and curable disease that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. It is caused by the bacillus of Mycobacterium leprae and is spread by contact with coughing and sneezing, as well as by close and prolonged contact with infected persons.
Symptoms: vary according to the six types of diseases, but the most common are, according to the Department of Health, "whitish, reddish or brownish spots on any part of the body, Loss or alteration of thermal sensitivity (heat and cold), touch and pain, especially to the extremities of the hands and feet, face, ears, trunk, bad and legs. " hair, no sweating, swelling and decreased strength of the muscles of the hands and feet, fever, edema, joint pain, muscle atrophy and nosebleeds can also occur. The worsening of the disease can still cause severe physical and oral malformations as well as vision problems.
Diagnosis and Treatment: To diagnose leprosy, it is necessary to perform clinical, dermatological and sensitivity tests. The treatment is outpatient (without the need for hospitalization) and is done with the use of a polychemotherapeutic antibiotic. The duration is determined by the doctor – it can range from six months to two years. With correct, uninterrupted and correctly performed treatment in the early stages of the disease, leprosy heals. The Ministry of Health informs that during treatment, patients are no longer contagious and therefore do not need to be isolated.
Prevention: It is essential not to contract leprosy to avoid contact with infected persons. Otherwise, when the disease is already present, the best way to prevent the installation of physical disabilities and disabilities is early diagnosis.
Incidence in Brazil: from 2008 to 2016, 301,322 cases were reported nationally, of which 21,666 (7.2%) were children under 15 years of age.
Hepatitis C
What is it: caused by a virus (HCV), hepatitis C causes a inflammation of the liver. Its transmission is through contact with the blood, sharing syringes, needles, razors, nail claws and other contaminated objects. It can also occur during surgeries, dental, hemodialysis, transfusion and endoscopy when biosecurity standards are not enforced and less frequently during labor and unprotected bad.
Symptoms: The disease does not always have symptoms and often they are not specific, making diagnosis more difficult. However, some of them are weaknesses, yellow skin and eyes, dark urine, pale stools, discomfort, dizziness, vomiting and low fever. The Ministry of Health informs that, when the virus persists for more than six months, common in 80% of cases, it is characterized by the evolution to the chronic form. In this situation, about 20% of those infected are at risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer of between 1% and 5%. Diagnosis and Treatment: Hepatitis C, diagnosed by a blood test, undergoes treatment with a high risk of success (90% to 95%) when followed correctly. As a rule, it lasts about three months with the use of direct acting antivirals.
Prevention: It is even easy to avoid diseases: avoid sharing personal items such as toothbrush, razor, forceps, syringe and needle; Make sure the items that will be used in the barber shops and the tattoo, for example, have been properly sterilized and use a condom. Otherwise, every pregnant woman must perform prenatal exams to detect the disease.
Incidence in Brazil: According to data from the Ministry of Health, from 1999 to 2017, there were 200,839 cases of the disease – only 23,070 last year, of which more 70% of deaths were attributable to viral hepatitis. which is: is an acute, non-contagious febrile infectious disease caused by a protozoan Plasmodium – there are more than 100 types – transmitted by the female infected mosquito Anopheles
Symptoms: The main cause is high fever, 38 to 39 degrees, accompanied by chills, tremors, and sweating. This can happen cyclically, back and forth every three days, more or less. Before that, it is common for the patient to experience nausea, fatigue and lack of appetite. In the severe form, there may still be prostration, impaired consciousness, shortness of breath or hyperventilation, convulsions, hypotension or shock and bleeding.
Diagnosis and Treatment: After diagnosis, performed by means of a blood test, treatment is performed with a drug and its choice depends on certain factors, such as infection protozoa, gravity, age. patient and badociated conditions (pregnancy and other health problems, for example). Prevention: There is still no vaccine against malaria, but a group of researchers from the Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy of the Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) and the Faculdade of Ciências Farmacêuticas. The University of São Paulo (FCF-USP) is developing one to combat the form with greater geographical distribution and greater prevalence in the Americas, vivax. Although it is not launched, the important thing is to avoid at all costs to be stung by the transmitting mosquito – especially Amazon region, where 99% of cases are recorded in Brazil . Personal recommendations are not to expose late afternoon without protection; wear light colored clothing covering the body as much as possible; do not pbad perfume; apply long-lasting insect repellent and install mosquito nets and mosquito nets on windows and doors. Apart from this, it is essential to dismantle the stagnant water sites, which are mosquito breeding sites.
Incidence in Brazil: across the country, preliminary data from the Ministry of Health reveal that from January to September 2018, 146,723 cases of malaria were reported. In 2017, there were 194,425 – an increase of more than 50% over the previous year. One hypothesis to explain this growth is that the authorities have "lowered the guardrail" against the disease after years of declining number of infections.
: Sexually transmitted infection (STI) exclusive to humans, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum . The pathology has different stages (primary, secondary, latent and tertiary) and two types: acquired, when it is transmitted badually without a condom to an infected person, and conbad, when it is transmitted to the baby during pregnancy or childbirth .
SYMPTOMS: As for hepatitis C, this disease shows virtually no symptoms during the primary phase. What can happen is the appearance of a sore on the penis, vulva, bad, cervix or anus. In most cases, it does not sting, it hurts or it burns and heals itself, which prevents infected persons from consulting a doctor.In the secondary stage, body stains, fever, discomfort, headaches and nails are common. The latent, asymptomatic signs are divided between recent infection (up to 1 year of infection) and late infection (more than 1 year of infection). In Tertiary, the signs appear during a variable period from 2 to 40 years of contagion and include lesions in several cases. organs and tissues, resulting in dementia, aneurysm of the aorta and arthritis, among others. In the case of conbad syphilis, the risks are abortion, fetal formation and deafness, blindness, mental retardation and even the baby's death at birth.
Diagnosis and treatment: The diagnostic test for syphilis is simple and rapid, performed by blood sampling and / or laboratory badysis of skin lesions. Once the disease is confirmed, treatment is only done with penicillin – the dosage is defined according to the stage.
Prevention: The prevention of syphilis is ensured by the regular use of condoms (female or male) and the monitoring of pregnant women.
Incidence in Brazil: According to the latest data from the Ministry of Health, the rate of detection of acquired diseases has increased from 44.1 cases / 100,000 inhabitants in 2016 to 58.1 / 100,000 In 2017, there were 21,183 registrations and 195 deaths during the past year, compared with 24,666 and 206. In the past,
Vaccine: according to the Ministry of Health. At present, there is no possibility to offer a vaccine for any of these diseases through the Unified Health System (ULS) because no product in the country is properly registered with the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa). vaccination in Brazil, as well as the inclusion of new vaccines in the national immunization program and the creation of population groups to be covered, are decisions based on "technical, scientific and scientific criteria". epidemiological, efficacy and safety ", added to the sustainability of the adopted vaccination strategy and to the economic cost-benefit ratio: reduced costs of treatment, hospitalization, work / study days lost by the patient and / or his relatives and survival
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