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AIDS, Hansen's Disease, Hepatitis C, Malaria and Syphilis are among the highest incidence cases in Brazil. The good news is that they benefit from treatment and excellent prognosis. Then, find out exactly what these conditions are, their symptoms, their treatments and ways to avoid them.
What is it: This is a badually transmitted infection (STI) caused by HIV, a retrovirus that attacks the immune system. It is transmitted through badl, bad and oral bad without a condom, use of an infected syringe and cutting instruments, transfusion of contaminated blood and infected mother to the child during pregnancy, delivery or badfeeding .
It is important to note that HIV is not the same thing as AIDS: there are many HIV-positive people (who have the virus in their body) who spend years without any symptoms and without developing disease. The acronym "AIDS" stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and refers to the disease created by the virus.
Symptoms: In the early stage, called acute infection, the disease can easily be confused with a simple flu because it causes fever and discomfort. The other common sinuses are spots on the body, neck lymph nodes and sore throats. According to the Ministry of Health, the next phase, which is asymptomatic and can last for several years, "is marked by the strong interaction between the defense cells and the rapid and constant mutations of the virus".
Then comes the phase of the onset of symptoms: diarrhea, fever, asthenia (loss or loss of physical strength), night sweats and weight loss greater than 10%. Over time, immunity decreases, favoring the onset of diseases such as viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, pneumonia, toxoplasmosis and even some types of cancer.
Diagnosis and treatment: The diagnosis of AIDS is made with the aid of a blood test and the treatment is administered with a combination of antiretrovirals (ARVs), whose role is to prevent the multiplication of HIV in the body and avoid any weakening. immune system to improve quality of life and prolong survival. The patient will have to take the remedies for the rest of his life.
Prevention: Use of condoms (female or male) in all badual relations, antenatal care for pregnant women and use of syringes, needles and disposable gloves to handle wounds and body secretions.
Incidence in Brazil: in 2017, 42,420 new HIV cases and 37,791 AIDS cases were diagnosed, with a detection rate of 18.3 / 100,000 inhabitants. The number of deaths was 11,463. From 1980 to June 2018, the Ministry of Health recorded 982,129 AIDS cases.
Description: Formerly known as Leprosy, is a chronic, infectious, contagious, curable disease that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. It is caused by the Mycobacterium leprae bacillus and is spread by contact with coughing and sneezing, as well as by close and prolonged contact with infected persons.
Symptoms: vary according to the six types of disease, but the most common are, according to the Department of Health, "whitish, reddish or brownish spots on any part of the body, badociated with a loss or alteration of heat sensitivity (heat and cold), touch and pain, particularly at the ends of the hands and feet, face, ears, trunk, bad and legs.
Hair loss, the absence of sweat, swelling and decreased strength of the muscles of the hands and feet, fever, edema, joint pain, muscle atrophy and bleeding from the nose can also occur. The aggravation of the disease can always cause serious physical and oral malformations as well as eye problems.
Diagnosis and treatment: To diagnose leprosy, it is necessary to carry out clinical and dermatological tests. The treatment is ambulatory (no need for hospitalization) and is done with the use of a polychemotherapeutic antibiotic. The duration is determined by the doctor – it can range from six months to two years. With correct, uninterrupted and correctly performed treatment in the early stages of the disease, leprosy heals. The Ministry of Health informs that during treatment, patients are no longer contagious and therefore do not need to be isolated.
Prevention: not contracting leprosy is essential to avoid contact with infected persons. Otherwise, when the disease is already present, the best way to prevent the installation of physical disabilities and disabilities is early diagnosis.
Incidence in Brazil: Between 2008 and 2016, 301,322 cases were reported nationally, of which 21,666 (7.2%) were children under 15 years of age.
What is it: caused by a virus (HCV), hepatitis C causes inflammation of the liver. Its transmission is through contact with the blood, sharing syringes, needles, razors, nail claws and other contaminated objects. It can also occur during surgeries, dental, hemodialysis, transfusion and endoscopy when biosecurity standards are not enforced and less frequently during labor and unprotected bad.
Symptoms: The disease does not always have symptoms and often they are not specific, making diagnosis more difficult. Whatever the case may be, some of them are weakness, yellowing of the skin and eyes, dark urine, pale stools, malaise, dizziness, vomiting and low fever.
The Ministry of Health informs that, when the virus persists more than six months, which is common in 80% of cases, it is characterized by the evolution to the chronic form. In this situation, about 20% of those infected are at risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer of between 1% and 5%.
Diagnosis and treatment: Hepatitis C, diagnosed by a blood test, undergoes treatment with a high risk of success (90% to 95%) when followed correctly. As a rule, it lasts about three months with the use of direct acting antivirals.
Prevention: It is even easy to avoid diseases: avoid sharing personal items such as toothbrush, razor, forceps, syringe and needle; Make sure the items that will be used in the barber shops and the tattoo, for example, have been properly sterilized and use a condom. Otherwise, every pregnant woman must perform prenatal exams to detect the disease.
Incidence in Brazil: According to data from the Ministry of Health, from 1999 to 2017, there were 200,839 cases of the disease – only 23,070 last year, with more than 70% Type C viral hepatitis deaths.
The mosquito Anopheles stephensi is a vector of malaria – Photo: Jim Gathany / CDC / Reuters
What is it? : This is an acute, non-contagious febrile infectious disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium – more than 100 types – transmitted by the infected female Anopheles mosquito.
Symptoms: The main one is a high fever. , 38 ° or 39 °, with chills, tremors and sweating.It can occur cyclically, going back and forth every three days or so. First of all, it is common for the patient to experience nausea, fatigue and a lack of appetite. there may still be prostration, alteration of consciousness, shortness of breath or hyperventilation, convulsions, hypotension or shock and hemorrhage
Diagnosis and Treatment: After diagnosis, performed by means of a blood test, the Treatment is done with a drug and its choice depends on certain factors, such as protozoan infection, patient age and badociated conditions (pregnancy and other health problems, for example).
Prevention: There is still no vaccine against malaria but a group of researchers from the Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy of the Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) and the Faculty Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo. -USP) is developing one to combat the form with a greater geographical distribution and a greater prevalence in the Americas, the vivax.
Although it is not launched, the most important is to avoid at all costs to be stung by the transmitting mosquito, especially in the Amazon region, where 99% of cases are recorded in Brazil. Personal recommendations are not to expose late afternoon without protection; wear light colored clothing covering the body as much as possible; do not pbad perfume; apply long-lasting insect repellent and install mosquito nets and mosquito nets on windows and doors. Apart from this, it is essential to dismantle the stagnant water sites, which are mosquito breeding sites.
Incidence in Brazil: throughout the national territory, preliminary data from the Ministry of Health reveal that between January and September 2018, 146,723 cases of malaria were reported. In 2017, there were 194,425 – an increase of more than 50% over the previous year. One hypothesis for this growth is that the authorities have "lowered their guard" against the disease after years of declining infections.
O which is: Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Exclusive to the H as caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum . The pathology has different stages (primary, secondary, latent and tertiary) and two types: acquired, when it is transmitted badually without a condom to an infected person, and conbad, when it is transmitted to the baby during pregnancy or childbirth .
Symptoms: As for hepatitis C, this disease shows virtually no symptoms during the primary phase. What can happen is the appearance of a sore on the penis, vulva, bad, cervix or anus. In most cases, it does not sting, it hurts or burns and heals alone, which prevents infected people from seeing their doctor.
In the secondary stage, body stains, fever, discomfort, headaches and nails are common. Latency, divided between recent (up to 1 year of infection) and late (more than one year of infection), is asymptomatic.
Already in the tertiary, the signs appear in a variable period of 2 to 40 years of contagion and include lesions in various organs and tissues, which may result in dementia, aortic aneurysm and arthritis, among others. In the case of conbad syphilis, the risks are: miscarriage, fetal malformation and deafness, blindness, intellectual disability and even the baby's death at birth.
Diagnosis and Treatment: The diagnostic test for syphilis is simple and rapid, performed by means of a blood test and / or a laboratory badysis of skin lesions. Once the disease is confirmed, treatment is only done with penicillin – the dosage is defined according to the stage.
Prevention: The prevention of syphilis is ensured by the regular use of condoms (female or male) and the monitoring of pregnant women.
Incidence in Brazil: According to the latest data from the Ministry of Health, the rate of detection of acquired diseases has increased from 44.1 cases / 100,000 inhabitants in 2016 to 58.1 / 100,000 inhabitants in 2017 With regard to conbad diseases, 21,183 registrations and 195 deaths were registered last year and 24,666 and 206 respectively.
According to the Ministry of Health, the Unified Health System (SUS) does not provide for any vaccine for any of these diseases because there is still no product in the country duly registered with of the National Agency for Health Surveillance. Anvisa).
In a note, the Member State explains that vaccination strategies in Brazil, as well as the inclusion of new vaccines in the National Immunization Program (NIP) and the creation of population groups to be covered, are decisions based on "technical criteria". scientific and logistical evidence, epidemiological evidence, efficacy and safety ", as well as the sustainability of the vaccination strategy and economic profitability: whether the costs of treatment, hospitalization, days of work / studies lost by the patient and / or their parents and survival
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