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"There is a consensus among infectious diseases that badually transmitted diseases are on the rise in the young population of Brazil."
"This latest generation, which began bad life after 2010, has a different way of looking at STDs," says Alexandre Naime Barbosa, Professor of Infectious Diseases at Unesp. The notion that AIDS has become a chronic and treatable disease has significantly reduced condom adherence.
In the case of HIV, the number of new annual cases increased by nearly 140% between 2007 and 2017 in the general population: from 6 862 to 16 371 according to the latest Epidemiological Bulletin on HIV / AIDS launched by the Ministry of Health Among young men aged 15 to 19, the increase reached 590% according to the same document
During the same period, the number of new cases of syphilis increased by 133% in Pregnant women, according to data from the Ministry of Health. Conbad syphilis increased in infants under one year (60%)
cases of syphilis in others groups or other badually transmitted infections – such as HPV, gonorrhea and chlamydia – because they are not notifiable. In other words, health services are not required to register every diagnosed case. To make matters worse, badually transmitted infections such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma badium become resistant to the most common antibiotics, which necessitates the development of increasingly complex treatment regimens.
The increase in badually transmitted infections is not unique in Brazil, says the infectious disease Lucy Cavalcanti Vasconcelos, board member of the Paulista Society of Infectious Diseases. It indicates that we can not only blame the lack of awareness of young people to the phenomenon, but also the widespread failure of prevention plans, which have long focused exclusively on the use of condoms.
The good news is that new prevention strategies are being developed, and for some of these diseases, condoms are no longer the only way to protect themselves.
General Methods of Prevention
Condoms, preventive medications and post-exposure treatments are part of, along with condoms, a more complete anti-STD arsenal. World Health Organization, one of the most effective methods to prevent badually transmitted infections when used correctly and regularly. Although the male condom is by far the most popular, the female condom is equally effective.
The infectious disease specialist Sidnei Pimentel, of the STD / AIDS Training and Referral Center of the State of São Paulo, recognizes that the female condom causes strangeness. to be twice the size of the male version. But it is the ideal solution for cases where the partner has difficulty maintaining an erection with a condom.
Whatever the chosen condom, it is best to use it with a lubricating gel to reduce friction and the risk of disturbance
Pimentel recalls that it is important to protect even during intercourse oral bad, when there is a risk of transmission of HPV, hepatitis B and C, chlamydia, gonorrhea and HIV. "The risk is greater when people have gingivitis and bleeding sites, which are the gateway to infection," says Pimentel. When the man receives oral bad, it is recommended to use the condom. When the woman receives, an alternative is to use a plastic wrap to cover the bad area.
Condoms may not be completely effective against HPV because areas not covered by the condom – such as the lips of the bad, the base of the penis, or the scrotal sac – also have potential for transmission when they are not used. Friction
Early diagnosis and treatment are also important prevention strategies. "When you treat a patient, it breaks the chain of infection and can prevent 10 other infections," says Vasconcelos. According to her, efforts should be intensified to actively monitor badually transmitted infections that should involve other specialists such as gynecologists, urologists, geriatricians and hepatitis clinics.
HIV
HIV can be transmitted by badl, bad and oral bad. The infection can also occur by sharing needles and other sharp objects, such as forceps, or by blood transfusion. The mother can also pbad on to the child during pregnancy, delivery, or badfeeding.
Since December 2017, SUS offers free pre-exposure HIV (PrEP) prophylaxis to groups where HIV prevalence countries, such as men who have bad with men, transgender people, men and women women, bad workers and couples in which one person has HIV and the other does not. In all, 36 health services offer PrEP by SUS currently in Brazil
PrEP involves taking one tablet daily of the drug Truvada, which combines two drugs that inhibit HIV replication: tenofovir and emtricitabine . In healthy people who have unprotected bad, the drug prevents HIV from spreading throughout the body.
"It's like putting a stone in the bag," says Alexandre Naime Barbosa, an expert on infectious diseases. in the groups envisaged by SUS can make use of the prescription method since May 2017, when Anvisa approved the indication of Truvada for this purpose. In these cases, buying drugs at the pharmacy costs around $ 300 a month.
Another important form of prevention is post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The method involves using antiretroviral drugs for 28 days after possible exposure to the HIV virus. The schematic, available free of charge by SUS, should start no later than 72 hours after the show. It is indicated the use of PEP for people who have had unprotected bad, have suffered badual violence or have had accidents with needles or other sharp objects.
HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
HPV infection, it is estimated that it is the most common badually transmitted infection in the population. Transmitted through badl, bad and oral bad, HPV can lead to bad warts and anus. But the most serious consequences are cancer of the cervix of the uterus, anus, penis, mouth and throat.
A study of the Moinhos de Vento Hospital in Porto Alegre, in partnership with the Ministry of Health, revealed
In addition to the use of condoms, the SUS offers as prevention a vaccine quadrivalent that protects against HPV types 6 and 11 (which cause bad warts), and 16 and 18 (which cause cancer of the cervix of the uterus). The vaccine is available free of charge for girls aged 9 to 14 and boys aged 11 to 14, as well as for people aged 9 to 26 living with HIV.
Gonorrhea and Chlamydia
Gonorrhea and chlamydia are very similar diseases caused by the disease, by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. After HPV, these are the most common badually transmitted infections in Brazil. According to a study published in 2005 by the Ministry of Health, gonorrhea was detected in 18.5% of a sample of men who consulted in STD clinics in six Brazilian capitals and chlamydia in 13 , 1% of cases.
Vaginal, bad and oral bad, so the best way to avoid it is to use condoms. The main symptom is a urethral or badl discharge, characterized by the flow of a whitish liquid through the urethra or bad.
As it is very difficult to distinguish one disease from another according to clinical criteria, it is indicated that a syndromic diagnosis is made – that is, a group of diseases that cause the same symptoms – and that a treatment with antibiotics that works for both diseases is applied. "The risk of waiting for the results is that the patient continues to transmit to other people and the picture can also complicate," says Barbosa.
Recently, the treatment regimen for gonorrhea and chlamydia has been updated by the Ministry of Health.
In case of badual violence or unprotected bad with a partner known to be infected with gonorrhea or chlamydia, the preventive use of antibiotics as post-exposure prophylaxis
Mycoplasma badium
Mycoplasma badium is a badually transmitted bacterium that causes symptoms similar to those of gonorrhea and chlamydia. The most common is the urethral and badl discharge, but the condition may also include burning on urination, bleeding, infertility and pregnancy complications.
The epidemiological situation of the disease in the country is still unknown, according to the professor of the Federal University of Bahia Guilherme Barreto Campos, mainly because the detection test of the infection is not not widely available for routine use in health services. This test is complex and requires a sophisticated technological structure. Therefore, in Brazil the treatment is done with the use of antibiotics that can treat different bacteria that lead to the same symptoms.
A recent concern about Mycoplasma badium is the resistance of the bacteria. Therefore, the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) launched new treatment guidelines in July to try to prevent it from becoming the most recent "superbug."
"In Brazil, prevalence and resistance data are scarce, but there is a worldwide increase in the prevalence of drug-resistant strains, which makes the outlook somewhat worrisome," says Campos. that with the current globalization, it is easy for resistant bacteria to reach Brazil.
Studies conducted by Campos and his colleagues revealed a 28.1% incidence of bacteria in a sample of women treated in the public health services in Bahia. "We consider these data to be an important alert for health officials because there is little epidemiological research done in the different regions of the country," explains the researcher. 19659002] Syphilis
Syphilis can be transmitted through bad without a condom and also from the mother to the baby during pregnancy or childbirth. The best form of prevention is the use of condoms. In the case of pregnant women, it is important to pbad the test at different times during pregnancy and, if detected, treat the disease as early as possible to prevent transmission to the child. The treatment consists of the administration of penicillin benzathine antibiotic.
The disease can manifest itself in three stages if it is not treated. The first signs are small sores on the penis or bad. They are painless and, in the case of women, it can be difficult to identify them if they appear in the cervix of the uterus. After a while, these wounds disappear spontaneously. It is primary syphilis.
After a period without symptoms, spots appear on the skin that can reach the whole body, especially the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands. It is secondary syphilis.
In tertiary syphilis, it can affect the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, and various organs of the body. Herpes is a disease caused by a group of viruses that can be transmitted in badual relations, but also by direct contact with a person's injuries.
infected. Prevention involves using a condom and avoiding contact with wounds.
These lesions are a group of blisters that, when broken, cause pain. They can appear anywhere in the body, but the most common are the mouth, bads and anus. Herpes does not heal and the symptoms appear and disappear many times throughout life. Hepatitis B and C
Hepatitis B can be transmitted through bad and also through contact with infected blood through the sharing of syringes, forceps and other cutting materials. In addition to the use of condoms, prevention is done by the vaccine against hepatitis B. Ideally, you should receive the vaccine shortly after birth. Three more doses are needed at 2, 4 and 6 months of life. Anyone who has not been vaccinated at this stage can be vaccinated at any age. In this case, the vaccination schedule consists of three doses with an interval of one month between the first and the second and five months between the second and the third.
With regard to hepatitis C, transmission by bad is also possible. rare in case of heterobadual bad. Transmission by blood transfusion and sharing non-disposable manicure kits are also possible. : Male and female condoms are one of the most effective ways to prevent and prevent the spread of hepatitis C in children.
Protects Against Sexually Transmitted Infections
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis : The daily use of Truvada reduces the risk of […] HIV infection, but does not protect against other badually transmitted infections
Post Exposure Prophylaxis : After unprotected bad, HIV infection can be prevented through the use of Use of antiretroviral drugs for 28 days. HPV Vaccine : Available in SUS for girls and boys aged 9 to 14 and boys aged 11 to 14, the quadrivalent vaccine protects against the major subtypes of HPV that cause cervical cancer. Uterus
Hepatitis B Vaccine : For newborns on a four-dose schedule or for persons of any age receiving three doses
Source : BBC Brazil
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