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Among the few known details regarding the new government 's education projects, the program of Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) calls attention to the name of an educator. The president wants to eliminate Paulo Freire from Brazilian schools.
There are no details on the practical significance of this, but the idea is criticized by educators. His method and philosophy have a strong influence on some of the best schools in the country. For specialists, Pernambuco, who died in 1997, has become the scapegoat for those who accuse teachers of alleged indoctrination.
It would be in Freire's work and in his influence with teachers, tools for sectarian teaching, as well as an explanation of the failures of national public education – which are not shared by elite leaders.
Born in 1921. In Recife, Freire became a reference in popular education in the early 1960s, when he developed an effective method of adult literacy in Angicos, in the interior of Rio Grande do Norte.
The author develops a critical pedagogy (going beyond the method of literacy) with principles based on dialogue between teachers and students and on the value of education as that tool of individual and social emancipation.
"We believe that education is a political act, not a party or a left, but a school that deals with contemporary problems," said Franciele Busico, a teacher at the University of Toronto. Institute of Singularities and Pedagogical Coordinator of the São Paulo Municipal Network [19659002] Freire's main book, "Pedagogy of the Oppressed", is among the top 100 books in English, according to Google Scholar, a tool of the university literature . This is the only Brazilian on this list. In the field of education, it appears as the second most cited – the volume of citations is one of the most important indicators of scientific relevance.
Foreign educators such as Peter McLaren and Michael Apple discuss with his work.
The economist Martin Carnoy recalls that the concept of education "as a liberation from ignorance and political dominance" is a recurring theme in the philosophy of Rousseau's Enlightenment, Thomas Jefferson , even from John Stuart Mill. Carnoy has been a professor at Stanford since 1969. "The Bolsonaro attack on Freire," he writes to Folha, "is an attack on the very foundations of Western democracy and the concept of freedom."
For Carnoy, Freire has managed to send a clear message to tens of millions of people about the role of education in a free society. "Everyone, no matter how poor, no matter how marginal, deserves an education."
For Brazilian educators, Pernambuco's work is more recognized abroad.
Professor Júlio Emílio Diniz-Pereira, of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, explains that the main impact of Freire's work was to make it clear that education was essentially political at some point in the world. the 1960s, while the school was only designed. as instruction.
Diniz-Pereira, a teacher-training researcher, says that, despite its importance, the idea that Paulo Freire is the bedside book of all teachers is false. "My empirical experience is that Paulo Freire has a great absence in undergraduate degrees and teacher training courses," he says.
The President of Anped (Association for Graduates in Education), Andrea Gouvea, declares that Freire becomes the most studied author here. "There is a lack of knowledge and prejudices [por parte de quem o ataca] which prevents a debate." Paulo Freire also does not predominate in pedagogical guidelines, "he says.
Renato Júdice, director of the traditional Rio Branco college in Higienópolis, agrees: "If only his ideas were more present, he proposed more autonomy, more critics of knowledge," he says, emphasizing the repercussion. of their studies.
"Every educator from around the world is based on Paulo Freire," says Mauro Aguiar, director of the Bandeirantes School, in the southern area of SP.
Method
The Paulo Freire method is known literacy strategies in which part of the knowledge and social reality of the student
These philosophical conceptions have influenced research and practice in Brazil. There is, however, a debate in the country about the effectiveness of literacy guidelines, especially between the so-called phonics method (which focuses on the relationship between letters and sounds for then reading) and constructivist (which, in short, literacy is already focused on reading texts that preferably have a meaning for the student). Critics say that the latter would be the national trend, influenced by Freire, and that the poor results of education would follow.
Academics such as Magda Soares, Professor Emeritus of UFMG, criticize the lack of methodological references in most teachers. educators in the country. The poor results are more related to the deficiencies of the teacher training system than to the adoption of a specific method.
According to the researchers, the work of Paulo Freire makes the transition between the philosophy of education and the philosophy of education
The definition of what to teach during the years Literacy, present in the common base of the national curriculum, is always indicated as a means of improvement. with a strong emphasis on popular education. Paulo Freire's critics, however, are virtually centered on the Marxist inspiration of his texts.
Freire worked with social clbad concepts and championed education as an instrument of empowerment and overcoming injustices.
School floor
In the equally traditional college of Santa Cruz, in the west of the city of São Paulo, Freire is of great importance, explains the director Debora Vaz. . "Paulo Freire invites us to understand that the school is the place where the teacher values students' knowledge as a starting point for any critical learning situation."
Director Fernando Meirelles is one of Santa Cruz's alumni, presenter Luciano Huck and banker Roberto Setubal, co-chairman of the board of Itaú Unibanco Holding.
Ana Fernandes, one of the educational coordinators of the Santa Maria denominational college, in the southern area of SP, tells the author to so-called modern practices. in education. "It is unacceptable today to start a didactic sequence without taking into account the students' prior knowledge," says
. According to Ana Fernandes, it is no longer possible to imagine pbadive students. "I'm coordinating the Grade 4 clbades and the girls are starting to claim their place in football, always dominated by the boys, they've talked to me and we've organized the schedule," he says.
The attacks against the pernambuco have grown in the face of the conservative wave in Brazil since at least 2013. In the acts that preceded the dismissal of Dilma Rousseff (PT), protesters demanded "less Paulo Freire ".
The fact that he is a leftist theorist, influenced by the Marxist critique of capitalism, would be crucial for critics to demand a new exile from his work. Paulo Freire was arrested after the 1964 coup and exiled that year. He only returned to Brazil in 1980.
Conservative groups tried to annul the title of protector of Brazilian education awarded in Congress in 2012. After acting by parliamentarians and educational organizations, the initiative was reversed in the House of Commons in 2017.
The educator Ausonia Donato, director of the College Team in the central region of São Paulo, emphasizes the role Freire central in the educational project of the school, but stresses that the author's philosophy is inconsistent. with any indoctrination.
"It is an ignorance of what Paulo Freire wrote." No one educates anyone, "people are educated through mediation and" no one educates themselves " ", he explains, quoting the author. "It already reverses any sentence on indoctrination."
The wave of attacks against Paulo Freire and the excitement around the bills inspired by the program without school, which seeks to limit what the teacher can talk about and veto the genre.
The format of the school, the role of teachers, the best use of technology and the importance of working with better socio-emotional skills are also under discussion in the country. in clbades such as resilience, autonomy and team work.
In Cotia, Greater São Paulo, the Anchor project has been recognized as one of the most innovative schools in the country. Inspired by the Portuguese Bridge School, the unit has no series or age division and students set their own study program.
Educator Suzana Ribeiro says that autonomy is the key word of the school. "The contribution of Paulo Freire is fundamental in our philosophy, which reveals the need and the vibration that brings autonomy."
The country is still at the heart of its deepest debate on the curriculum. The National Core Curriculum for Early Childhood Education and Primary Education is in the implementation phase, and the secondary school, approved at the end of last year, is expected to begin implementation. in place.
Freire is not mentioned in the text, but he was a forerunner of program discussions in the country when he was at the São Paulo Municipal Secretariat of Education (1989-1991 ). Folha asked the staff of Bolsonaro, even before the inauguration, for details about what the government intended to "purge" the author, but did not want it to happen. received no response.
Vélez Rodríguez has already written that there existed a process of domination of the Marxist ideology in schools on the basis of the ideas of Paulo Freire, who would have been a "great pedagogue within the school". Marxist-Gramscian ideology ". In his inaugural speech, the minister affirmed his commitment to freeing schools from the alleged domination of cultural Marxism.
72.359 is the number of citations "Pedagogy of the oppressed" recorded by Google Scholar, an English-language literary research tool in English
99th . according to the tool. He is the only Brazilian author among the 100 most cited
2ª most cited works in the world in the field of education in articles in English
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